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Pembuatan Kertas Berbahan Baku Pelepah Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
No full textOil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jack) is a source of income for millions of farming families, a source of foreign exchange, a provider of employment, as well as a driver for the growth and development of downstream palm oil-based industries in Indonesia. Oil palm fronds are solid waste originating from oil palm plantations. Paper is a thin material that is produced by compressing the fibers derived from the pulp. The process of making pulp is by separating lignin compounds to get cellulose fibers from wood. This study aims to utilize palm fronds to be used in making paper according to SNI. The stages of this research were chopping, washing, boiling, soaking NaOH, soaking H2O2, grinding, adding talcum, molding and drying in an oven at 75 0C, 80 0C, 85 0C. As many as 64% of panelists stated that the paper produced with a drying temperature of 75 0C was white while at 80 0C as many as 62% of panelists stated that the paper produced was white and at 85 0C as many as 56% stated that the paper was white and in accordance with SNI 4733 The texture of the paper produced at a drying temperature of 75 0C was 76% of the panelists who stated that the resulting paper had a smooth texture while at 80 0C there were 66% who stated that the texture of the paper was smooth and at 85 0C as many as 62% stated the texture of the paper was smooth and according to SNI 0439 The water content of the paper produced at a drying temperature of 75 0C obtained an average of 1.9%, at 80 0C it was only 1.8% and with a drying temperature of 85 0C a high moisture content was obtained, namely 1.6%, but this result is still in accordance with SNI 0439, namely the maximum 2%. The average grammage value of paper produced at a drying temperature of 75 0C is 76.1 g/m2, at a temperature of 80 0C it is 79.9 g/m2 and at a drying temperature of 85 0C it is 85.3 g/m2 where this value is still in accordance with SNI 0439, namely a minimum of 50 g/m2Kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis, Jack) merupakan sumber pendapatan bagi jutaan keluarga petani, sumber devisa negara, penyedia lapangan kerja, serta sebagai pendorong tumbuh dan berkembangnya industri hilir berbasis kelapa sawit di Indonesia. Pelepah kelapa sawit merupakan limbah padat yang berasal dari perkebunan kelapa sawit. Kertas adalah bahan tipis yang dihasilkan dengan kompresi serat yang berasal dari pulp. Proses pembuatan pulp adalah dengan cara pemisahan senyawa lignin untuk mendapatkan serat selulosa dari kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan memanfaatkan pelepah sawit untuk dimanfaatkan pada pembuatan kertas yang sesuai SNI. Tahapan penelitian ini adalah pencacahan, pencucian, perebusan, perendaman NaOH, perendaman H2O2, penghalusan, penambahan talcum, pencetakan dan pengeringan dengan oven pada suhu 75 0C, 80 0C, 85 0C. Sebanyak 64% panelis menyatakan bahwa kertas yang dihasilkan dengan suhu pengeringan 75 0C berwarna putih sedangkan pada suhu 80 0C sebayak 62% panelis yang menyatakan bahwa kertas yang dihasilkan berwarna putih dan pada 85 0C sebanyak 56% yang menyatakan kertas berwarna putih dan sesuai dengan SNI 4733. Tekstur kertas yang dihasilkan pada suhu pengeringan 75 0C ada 76% panelis yang menyatakan kertas yang dihasilkan bertekstur halus sedangkan pada 80 0C ada 66% yang menyatakan bahwa tekstur kertas halus dan pada 85 0C sebanyak 62% yang menyatakan tekstur kertas halus serta sesuai SNI 0439. Kadar air kertas yang dihasilkan pada suhu pengeringan 75 0C diperoleh rata-rata 1.9%, pada 80 0C hanya 1.8% dan dengan suhu pengeringan 85 0C diperoleh kadar air yang tinggi yaitu sebesar 1.6 %, namun hasil ini masih sesuai dengan SNI 0439 yaitu maksimal 2%. Rata-rata nilai gramatur kertas yang dihasilkan pada suhu pengeringan 75 0C sebesar 76.1 g/m2, pada suhu 80 0C sebesar 79.9 g/m2 dan pada suhu pengeringan 85 0C sebesar 85.3 g/m2 dimana nilai ini masih sesuai dengan SNI 0439 yaitu minimal 50 g/m2
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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