1,721,017 research outputs found
The Impact of Shipping on Air Quality in the Port Cities of the Mediterranean Area: A Review
Full text linkShipping emissions contribute significantly to air pollution at the local and global scales and will do so even more in the future because global maritime transport volumes are projected to increase. The Mediterranean Sea contains the major routes for short sea shipping within Europe and between Europe and East Asia. For this reason, concern about maritime emissions from Mediterranean harbours has been increasing on the EU and IMO (International Maritime Organization, London, UK) agenda, also supporting the implementation of a potential Mediterranean Emission Control Area (MedECA). Many studies are concerned with the impact of ship emissions in port cities. Studies of the contributions of ship emissions to air quality at the local scale include several monitoring and modelling techniques. This article presents a detailed review of the contributions of ship emissions of NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 on air quality in the main ports in the Mediterranean area. The review extracts and summarises information from published research. The results show a certain variability that suggests the necessity of harmonisation among methods and input data in order to compare results. The analysis illustrates the effects of this pollution source on air quality in urban areas, which could be useful for implementing effective mitigation strategies
The historical trend of air pollution and its impact on human health in campania region (Italy)
No full textThe Campania region covers an area of about 13,590 km2 with 5.8 million residents. The area suffers from several environmental issues due to urbanization, the presence of industries, wastewater treatment, and solid waste management concerns. Air pollution is one of the most relevant environmental troubles in the Campania region, frequently exceeding the limit values established by European directives. In this paper, airborne pollutant concentration data measured by the regional air quality network from 2003 to 2019 are collected to individuate the historical trends of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), coarse and fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 10 μm (PM10) and 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and ozone (O3 ) through the analysis of the number of exceedances of limit values per year and the annual average concentration. Information on spatial variability and the effect of the receptor category is obtained by lumping together data belonging to the same province or category. To obtain information on the general air quality rather than on single pollutants, the European Air Quality Index (EU-AQI) is also evaluated. A special focus is dedicated to the effect of deep street canyons on air quality, since they are very common in the urban areas in Campania. Finally, the impact of air pollution from 2003 to 2019 on human health is also analyzed using the software AIRQ+
Atmospheric ship emissions in ports: A review. Correlation with data of ship traffic
No full textPorts represent a source of atmospheric pollutants that can contribute significantly to jeopardise air quality of port cities. NOx, SOx, PM and VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) are emitted by ships during manoeuvring in ports at arrival or departure and during hotelling when moored at wharves. Several methods exist to estimate emissions in function of ships’ activity and engine parameters. However, there is still a significant uncertainty in these calculations. This is a severe limitation to develop effective plans of mitigation of air pollution in port cities. In this paper data of NOx and PM10 emitted in port and traffic of passenger and commercial ships have been reviewed and critically analysed. All vessels are lumped into three categories: cruise, passenger ships other than cruise and commercial ships. Emissions have been correlated with traffic data per year: passengers, hours at hotelling and manoeuvring, calls and tons of goods transported. The result is a summary of regression equations that can be used for the estimation of ship emissions in ports based on traffic data. The analysis does not consider emissions of all the ancillary activities that take place at land inside a port like: upload and download of goods, vehicular traffic, manipulation of containers and others
Development of point sampling technology for identifying high-emitting vehicles in narrow and deep street canyons
No full textSide road measurements of fine particle (FP) concentrations were performed in two narrow and deep street canyons in the historic center of Naples using point sampling technology (PS). The FP concentration in the range of 20–103 nm was measured using a condensation particle number counter (CPC) with a 1 Hz frequency. Video recording was used to detect passing vehicles classified into three categories: motorcycles, cars, and light-duty vehicles. The two monitored streets were adjacent, with similar geometrics and orientation but different high- and low-traffic levels. FP concentration time series data were processed to identify concentration peaks generated by the exhausts of passing vehicles. A sensitivity analysis study was carried out to determine how data processing parameters could affect high-emitting vehicle (high emitter) identification. Once the optimum parameters were defined, the contribution of high emitters exhaust emissions to local air quality was assessed. The results showed that PS technology offered viable opportunities for application in narrow street canyons where deploying more common crossroad and top-down monitoring can be troublesome. However, some issues remain to be solved to accurately identify high emitterss in high-traffic cases. PS technology can be useful for developing effective air quality management policies in historical centres
The effect on air quality of lockdown directives to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Campania Region-Italy: Indications for a sustainable development
Full text linkData on air quality collected by the regional network of fixed stations in the most urbanized areas of the Campania region in the south of Italy are examined. Two periods are considered: before and during the adoption of the main directives limiting human activities to fight the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The first period is from 5 February to 5 March, and the second is from 13 March to 13 April. Meteorological conditions in the two periods were compared and significant differences were not observed. Therefore, the comparison of air quality data is feasible. During the second period, an intercontinental transport of particulate matter occurred. Data collected during this event (4 p.m. on 30 March to 4 p.m. on 31 March) were excluded from the analysis. The main reduction of pollutant concentration is observed for NO2 (-48% of the period average). PM10 shows a lower reduction (-17%). The PM2.5 average period concentration was quite constant, while the 98° percentile was reduced by -21%. Ozone shows, on the contrary, an increase in concentration due mainly to an increase in solar irradiation during the 2nd period, but also due to the decrease of NOx concentration. The reduction or the increase of pollutant concentration depends on the category of the station: background, industrial, residential, and traffic. In addition to air quality, the reduction of anthropogenic emissions is also studied. All the information available on the reduction of emissions from transport, industry, heating, and other main emissive sectors were collected. The results give useful insights for the development of air quality management policies that could be adopted when the sanitary emergency will end to guarantee the sustainable development of the Campania region
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
A CFD Model to Assess the Impact of Cruise Ship Emissions in the Port of Naples
No full textThe port of Naples is one the most important in the Mediterranean Sea for passengers’ traffic. Due to the proximity of the port to the urban area, ship emissions can have an important impact on air pollution in Naples. The presence of buildings very near to the docks can modify significantly the wind field and, as a consequence, the transport of pollutants emitted when ships are at berth. Models (Calpuff, SPRAY) normally adopted to assess the impact of ship emissions do not take in account this effect. For this reason, a CFD model was developed to assess the impact of cruise ship emissions during the hoteling phase in the port of Naples. A calculation domain of about 7 km2 × 1 km height with 10 million cells has been created. Unsteady CFD simulations have been carried out adopting the Scale Adaptive Simulation (SAS) hybrid model that allows a satisfactory accuracy in the calculation of the turbulence. In particular, the impact of SO2 emissions on seafront building facades and inside the port area are evaluated. Some differences between the results of the CFD model and those obtained by CALPUFF are observed. The CFD model, taking in count the presence of buildings, gives more reliable results about the dispersion of pollutant
Using a CFD model to assess the impact of cruise ship emissions on the façades of waterfront buildings in Naples, Italy
No full textThe port of Naples, with about 1 million of cruise passengers corresponding to about 400 calls and 5000
hours at berth per year, is one the most important in the Mediterranean Sea for cruise ships traffic.
Therefore, cruise ship emissions can have an important impact on air pollution in Naples. Moreover,
cruise ships terminal is very near to the center of the town, with some residential and commercial
buildings at only about 200 m from cruise ships docks. The height of these buildings is very close to
that of cruise ship funnels. Therefore, the impact of cruise ship emissions on the façades of these
buildings may be very high, with negative consequences for indoor air quality and health of people
living or working in these buildings. For this reason, a CFD model has been developed with the aim to
assess the impact of atmospheric pollutants emitted by cruise ships at hoteling on the façades of the
nearest buildings. A calculation domain of about 7 km2 and 1 km height with 10 million cells has been
created. Unsteady CFD simulations have been carried out adopting the Scale Adaptive Simulation
(SAS) hybrid model that allows a satisfactory accuracy in the calculation of the turbulence. Most critical
emissive scenarios have been identified based on cruise ships traffic assuming wind flowing from cruise
ships at berth toward the buildings. Emission rates of each pollutant and each cruise ship, during the
hoteling phase, have been evaluated. These data were used as input for CFD simulations. As a result,
contour maps of SO2 on the ground and on the buildings’ façade were obtained. Results of CFD model
are compared with results of simulations with CALPUFF
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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