2,948 research outputs found
Comparisons of flavonoids and anti-oxidative activities in seed coat, embryonic axis and cotyledon of black soybeans
No full textFlavonoids contents, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activities and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were compared in three black soybean varieties CRWD, Tainan 3 and Tainan 5. Varietal differences in antioxidant contents existed among the tested varieties. Variety CRWD accumulated more total phenolics (7.49 mg g−1) and isoflavones (1.77 mg g−1) than varieties Tainan 3 (7.05 mg g−1 total phenolics and 1.58 mg g−1 isoflavones) and Tainan 5 (4.38 mg g−1 total phenolics and 0.63 mg g−1 isoflavones). CRWD also accumulated more proanthocyanidins in seed coat than Tainan 3 and Tainan 5. CRWD also demonstrated greater DPPH and FRAP activities than the other two cultivars. Stepwise regressions indicated that both DPPH and FRAP activities were correlated well with the total contents of phenolics and flavonoids, with total phenolics being the most important anti-oxidative factor. The present results indicate that CRWD has greater anti-oxidative responses than Tainan 3 or Tainan 5, and is useful in functional food and other applications
Microstructures of starch granule, starch digestibilities and predicted glycaemic index of common bean mutants in Taiwan
No full textIn this study, the microstructure of starch granule and in vitro starch digestibility were compared in de-coated seeds of common bean variety Hwachia and its NaN3-induced mutants. Significant differences in starch granule size (between 17.92 and 27.00 μm), total starch content (between 436.5 and 456.8 mg per seed) and resistant starch content (between 51.6 and 203.3 mg per seed) were found among mutants. Both boiling and autoclaving decreased resistant starch content in processed common beans. Significant difference in predicted gylcaemic index (pGI) (between 48.82 and 64.55%) for processed beans also existed among mutants. However, 96 h of 4 °C storage increased resistant starch content in processed common beans, possibly resulted from starch retrogradation during storage. Mutants SA-05, SA-08 and SA-31, which have smaller seed weight and lower pGI (average of 50.08%) compared to Hwachia (pGI of 57.05%), can be used to produce common bean based low GI dietary carbohydrate
Chemicals Contents in Non-alcoholic and Alcoholic Beverages Produced from Purple-fleshed and Orange-fleshed Sweet Potato Varieties
No full textChemical compositions and anti-oxidative characteristics of non-fermented and fermented beverages and associated solid by-products produced from freeze-dried sweet potato roots were examined. Freeze-dried roots of purple-fleshed variety Quandow had higher total phenolics (9.32 mg g-1) and total flavonoids (1.54 mg g-1) contents and greater antioxidant activity (60.05 mg g-1) than orange-fleshed variety Tainung 66 (1.14, 0.43 and 20.77 mg g-1 of total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity, respectively). Fermented and non-fermented beverages and solids produced from Quandow also had higher antioxidants contents and greater antioxidant activities than those produced from Tainung 66. Thus, producing non-fermented or fermented beverages from purple-fleshed variety Quandow has commercial potential and this will increase its economic value. The purple-fleshed variety Quandow also produced high carbohydrate or high protein solid by-products enriched with antioxidants during beverage processing, which may be used as dietary carbohydrate supplements (non-fermented solids) or high protein animal feed (fermented non-alcoholic solids)
Optimization of somatic embryogenesis in suspension cultures of horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.]—A hardy grain legume
No full textCell suspension cultures were established from immature cotyledon derived calli from drought tolerant legume horsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.]. Embryogenic callus could be originated from cut slices of the immature cotyledons on MS solid medium [Murashige, T. Skoog, K., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] augmented with 1.0 μM zeatin and 4.5 μM NAA. Numerous somatic embryoids (26.4%) appeared on MS liquid basal nutrient medium with 5.6 μM NAA and with absence of zeatin during 3 weeks culture. Sustained cell division resulted in the formation of cell aggregates, and then progressed to globular, heart and further if they differentiate properly to torpedo and cotyledonary stages within 5 weeks. Transfer of individual embryos on to a fresh MS basal medium with no plant growth regulators was able to achieve complete maturation. Only a relatively few number of embryos developed into root/shoot when transferred to 0.9 μM GA3, 15 g/l−1 sucrose and 2.4 g/l−1 gelrite containing medium. Substitution of sucrose associated with the use of l-glutamine gave, in the range of concentrations tested, the strongest enhancement of the embryo growth and development. About 5% of somatic embryos were converted into true-to-type fertile plants
Comparisons and selection of rice mutants with high iron and zinc contents in their polished grains that were mutated from the indica type cultivar IR64
No full textDeveloping rice varieties biofortified with iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) is an important strategy to alleviate nutritional deficiencies in developing countries, where polished rice is consumed as the staple food. In this study, the contents of several macro- and micro-minerals in polished rice grains of cultivar IR64 and its 254 sodium azide-induced mutants (M8 generation) were assessed. The results indicated that the contents of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc varied among the tested mutants. The polished rice grains of mutants M-IR-75 and M-IR-58 accumulated more Fe (28.10 and 27.26 mg kg−1, respectively) than cultivar IR64 (3.90 mg kg−1). Mutant M-IR-75 also produced higher yield (average of 8.65 ton ha−1 over two crop seasons) than cultivar IR64 (average of 7.27 ton ha−1). Mutants M-IR-180, M-IR-49 and M-IR-175 contained more Zn (26.58, 28.95 and 26.16 mg kg−1, respectively) than cultivar IR64 (16.00 mg kg−1), but only mutant M-IR-180 showed a grain yield comparable to cultivar IR64. Thus, the mutant M-IR-75 can be recommended to rice growers to produce Fe-rich rice grains. Additionally, the high-Fe (M-IR-75 and M-IR-58) and high-Zn (M-IR-180, M-IR-49 and M-IR-175) mutants can be used as genetic resources for rice improvement programs
In vitro inhibitory effects of cranberry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) extracts on aldose reductase, α-glucosidase and α-amylase
No full textThe in vitro inhibitory activities of different seed extracts prepared from cranberry bean mutant SA-05 and its wild-type variety Hwachia against aldose reductase, α-glucosidase and α-amylase were examined. The results indicated that the polyphenolics-rich extracts obtained using 800 g kg−1 methanol and 500 g kg−1 ethanol demonstrated inhibitory activities against aldose reductase (IC50 of 0.36–0.46 mg mL−1) and α-glucosidase (IC50 of 1.32–1.94 mg mL−1). The 500 g kg−1 ethanol extracts also showed α-amylase inhibitory activities (IC50 of 70.11–80.22 μg mL−1). Subsequent extracts, prepared further with NaCl and H2O from precipitates of 800 g kg−1 methanol or 500 g kg−1 ethanol extracts, exhibited potent α-amylase inhibitory activities (IC50 of 17.68–38.68 μg mL−1). A combination of 500 g kg−1 ethanol extraction plus a subsequent H2O extraction produced highest polyphenolics and α-amylase inhibitors. The SA-05 α-amylase inhibitor extracts showed greater inhibitory activities than that of Hwachia. Thus, cranberry bean mutant SA-05 is an advantageous choice for producing anti-hyperglycaemic compounds
Expression of granule-bound starch synthase in developing rice grain
No full textThe expression of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) in rice (Oryza sativa) genotype Tainung 67 (200 g kg−1 grain amylose content) and its two NaN3-induced mutants SA419 and SA418 were examined. G/T polymorphism analysis indicated that SA418 (300 g kg−1 grain amylose content) carried Wxa allele. The insertion of 23 base pairs sequence was found only in SA419 (80 g kg−1 grain amylose content), suggesting that it was a waxy mutant. Microsatellite polymorphisms (CT)n were also detected on the Wx gene encoding GBSS in the tested genotypes. The activities of several key enzymes involving starch biosynthesis in developing grains of field-grown rice plants were also compared during grain filling period. Significant genotypic differences were only found in the expression of GBSS. The content of amylose in SA418 grain was higher than Tainung 67 and SA419 grains throughout the entire grain filling period, possibly due to its superiority to synthesize amylose through GBSS. The lowest amylose content of SA 419 grain was attributable to its extremely low activity of GBSS in comparison with the two other genotypes. The mutation effects on the expression of GBSS were confirmed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industr
PARTICLE SIZE AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON ANTIOXIDANT BY-PRODUCT ISOLATED FROM LEAF GUM EXTRACT OF MESONA PROCUMBENS HEMSL
No full textA water extraction procedure for isolating antioxidants from dried aerial tissue of Mesona procumbens Hemsl. prior to leaf gum/starch composite gel preparation was developed, along with investigation of its antioxidative activities. The results showed that the highest contents of total phenolics and flavonoids were isolated from the dried aerial tissues when they were extracted under 100C for 2 h using the dried materials ground to 75-µm particle size. This water extract also had the highest antioxidative responses, as determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2,2-azino-bis[3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] radical-scavenging, superoxide-scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities. The water extract produced under 100C condition also showed the greatest gel hardness and gel strength (prepared by using 2% cassava starch). Thus, the extracted antioxidants from aerial tissues of M. procumbens Hemsl. could be considered for some commercial applications
Nucleotide polymorphisms in the waxy gene of NaN(3)-induced waxy rice mutants
No full textSpontaneous and induced waxy phenotype, associated with endosperm containing little or no amylose, has been recognized in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Mutation of a dominant gene Wx into a recessive gene wx, which causes the inactivation or absence of granule bound starch synthase, is believed to be responsible for the change in endosperm starch leading to the waxy grain. In the present study, the nucleotide polymorphism in the Wx gene of rice genotype Tainung 67 (wild type) and its 35 NaN3-induced wx mutants were examined. Iodine staining confirmed that all the mutants had waxy grain trait. The G-to-T single base substitution analysis indicated that the wild type genotype Tainung 67 and its waxy mutants carried Wxb allele. Moreover, 23-bp duplication in exon 2 was detected in all the waxy mutants. Microsatellite polymorphism (CT)n was also detectable on the Wx gene of the tested genotypes and mutants, with at least 5 classes of (CT)n microsatellites identified at the Wx locus. Electrophoretic analyses also confirmed the observed nucleotide polymorphsim. Thus, nucleotide polymorphsim exist among NaN3-induced waxy mutants in rice. However, only the 23-bp duplication in exon 2 may be used as a molecular marker to characterize waxy grain trait in rice genotypes
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