1,720,966 research outputs found
A historiography of research on West New Guinea’s human past
Get PDFThis chapter is a historiography of research on West New Guinea’s peoples and their social, biological, and material histories. It provides a synthesis of previous research undertaken on West New Guinea’s human past, divided by chronological period, from Portuguese and Spanish voyages of discovery (1511–1606), Dutch economic expansion (1606–1795), European voyages of discovery and the emergence of the natural sciences (1767–1884), early ethnographic expeditions (1884–1945), the development of Netherlands New Guinea anthropology (1945–1963), and Indonesian-era archaeology and anthropology (1963–2022). Finally, the chapter reflects on the present state of cultural heritage legislation and practice in the region, which highlights how scholarship could productively engage Papuan communities in the future.
Bab ini menyajikan riwayat sejarah penelitian tentang kehidupan masyarakat yang berada di wilayah Papua bagian barat: sejarah sosial, biologi, dan budaya materi. Bab ini memaparkan sintesa dari penelitian sebelumnya yang dilakukan pada masa lalu di wilayah tersebut. Hal ini disajikan secara kronologis yang dimulai dengan awal kedatangan para pelancong berkebangsaan Portugis dan Spanyol (1511–1606), ekspansi ekonomi Belanda (1606–1795), pelayaran pertama yang dilakukan oleh bangsa Eropa dan kemunculan ilmu pengetahuan alam (1767–1884), eskpedisi awal etnografi (18841945), perkembangan antropologi Nugini-Belanda (1945–1963), dan perkembangan Ilmu arkeologi dan antropologi pada masa pemerintahan Indonesia (1963–2022). Pada bagian terakhir, tulisan ini mengulas peraturan dan praktek warisan budaya di wilayah tersebut serta menyoroti tentang pentingya pendidikan serta hal-hal yang mendukung proses tersebut sehingga menjadi prioritas masyarakat asli Papua dimasa yang akan datang
Introduction: the human histories of West New Guinea
Get PDFThis chapter is an introduction to West New Guinea: Social, Biological, and Material Histories. It first describes the sparse information available about the environmental and cultural history of the area before describing the boundary-making that has formed West New Guinea in the recent past. The chapter then identifies seven key research themes with implications for both global and regional anthropology: the early peopling of Oceania, human adaptation within varied and challenging ecologies, the emergence of food production, the dispersal of languages, the connections between the Pacific and global trade networks, the transformative lives of material culture, and the history of museums and collecting. Finally, the chapter provides an outline of the book structure and the chapters that follow, all of which contribute in important ways to the seven identified research themes.
Bab ini merupakan bagian pengantar judul buku “Papua bagian barat: Sejarah sosial, biologi dan budaya materi”. Bab ini dibuka dengan uraian mengenai sejarah lingkungan dan budaya Papua bagian barat yang dilanjutkan dengan uraian latar belakang sejarah wilayah ini secara utuh hingga masa kini. Terdapat tujuh pokok tema yang dideskripsikan pada bab ini, dimana tema-tema tersebut berimplikasi pada studi antropologi baik itu dalam lingkup skala regional maupun secara global. Topik ini antara lain: penduduk awal Oseania, adaptasi manusia dalam keanekaragaman ekologi serta tantangannya, awal-mula produksi pangan, penyebaran bahasa, transformasi budaya materi, dan sejarah museum dan koleksi. Garis besar topik yang terdapat dalam 21 bab ini kemudian diuraikan pada bagian akhir
Tracing the remains of World War II on Biak Island
Get PDFLocated in the northernmost part of what is today Papua Province and along the Pacific rim, Biak Island was used as a base for the Japanese and American armies during World War II (WWII). Archaeological surveys have now been conducted around several districts of Biak Island, designed to build a narrative about WWII from the ground up, by examining the distributions of the remains found during fieldwork. The wide array of bunkers, aeroplanes, and amphibious vehicles, and the remains of a now-submerged ship, as well as local toponyms in several areas, make it clear that Biak was a crucial location during WWII, and that the events of the war continue to be resonant for Biakers who live in the area today. It is concluded that the Japanese and American armies used almost the entire land surface of Biak’s south-eastern coast as a major base camp. The high value of Biak during WWII was in part related to its location at the crux of Asia and the Pacific, and its geopolitical relevance, especially as a location to establish control in the Pacific theatre.
Terletak di bagian paling utara dari wilayah yang sekarang dikenal sebagai Provinsi Papua, pulau Biak pada masa lalu digunakan sebagai pangkalah tentara Jepang dan Amerika dalam perang dunia II (PD II). Survei arkeologi telah dilakukan di beberapa distrik di pulau ini untuk menarasikan sejarah kependudukan selama perang dunia II ditempat tersebut dengan menganalisis sisa – sisa perlengkapan perang yang masih ditemukan di lapangan. Distirbusi bunker, sisa pesawat terbang, kendaraan amfibi, dan sisa-sisa kapal yang tenggelam, serta toponomi yang ditemukan dibeberapa titik, menjadi bukti kuat akan pentingnya pulau ini pada masa lalu selama perang dunia II, dimana hampir seluruh bagian dari pulau ini digunakan sebagai markas utama kedua negara tersebut di masa lalu. Digunakannya pulau Biak sebagai salah satu markas besar pada perang dunia II diperkirakan didasarkan pada letak geografisnya yang berada di titik pertemuan antara Asia dan Pasifik, serta relevansi geopolitk terutama sebagai lokasi untuk membangun kontrol di kawasan Pasifik
West New Guinea
No full textThis book explores the human past in West New Guinea (otherwise known as Indonesian Papua, West Papua, or Irian Jaya). The western part of New Guinea and its surrounding islands were critical for the early peopling of the Pacific region over 50,000 years ago, when Homo sapiens moved out of Africa and into Asia, seafaring through the islands of Wallacea as far as New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands. After arriving on the shores of West New Guinea, people adapted to diverse environments including coral reefs, tropical rainforests, swamps, montane cloud forests, and savannah grasslands. Over millennia, people transformed these habitats by burning and cutting the forests, translocating plants and animals, and managing access to resources. Food production later emerged in the region as the global climate warmed up around 10,000 years ago. Between 4000–3000 years ago, the Austronesian languages began to enter West New Guinea, with its speakers settling around the coasts and offshore islands. New forms of exchange connected people and, particularly within the last 2000 years, drew West New Guinea into global networks. The objects produced and traded at ethnographic contact—like pottery, stone axes, string bags, shell ornaments, and wooden carvings—can be informative about these networks, but they are increasingly changing as people navigate and transform their material worlds in the present. The examination of these objects in museums not only casts light on their makers, traders, and collectors, but also highlights the ongoing connections that Papuans have with their material culture in the twenty-first century. The 22 chapters in this book contribute novel perspectives and critical data on each of these themes. The authors come from archaeology, social anthropology, biological anthropology, linguistics, museology, palaeoecology, and beyond. They write about a wide array of West New Guinea's regions, including the highlands, north and south coasts, Bird’s Head Peninsula, Cenderawasih Bay, and the Raja Ampat Islands
West New Guinea: social, biological, and material histories
Get PDFThis book explores the human past in West New Guinea (otherwise known as Indonesian Papua, West Papua, or Irian Jaya). The western part of New Guinea and its surrounding islands were critical for the early peopling of the Pacific region over 50,000 years ago, when Homo sapiens moved out of Africa and into Asia, seafaring through the islands of Wallacea as far as New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands. After arriving on the shores of West New Guinea, people adapted to diverse environments including coral reefs, tropical rainforests, swamps, montane cloud forests, and savannah grasslands. Over millennia, people transformed these habitats by burning and cutting the forests, translocating plants and animals, and managing access to resources. Food production later emerged in the region as the global climate warmed up around 10,000 years ago. Between 4000–3000 years ago, the Austronesian languages began to enter West New Guinea, with its speakers settling around the coasts and offshore islands. New forms of exchange connected people and, particularly within the last 2000 years, drew West New Guinea into global networks. The objects produced and traded at ethnographic contact—like pottery, stone axes, string bags, shell ornaments, and wooden carvings—can be informative about these networks, but they are increasingly changing as people navigate and transform their material worlds in the present. The examination of these objects in museums not only casts light on their makers, traders, and collectors, but also highlights the ongoing connections that Papuans have with their material culture in the twenty-first century.
The 22 chapters in this book contribute novel perspectives and critical data on each of these themes. The authors come from archaeology, social anthropology, biological anthropology, linguistics, museology, palaeoecology, and beyond. They write about a wide array of West New Guinea’s regions, including the highlands, north and south coasts, Bird’s Head Peninsula, Cenderawasih Bay, and the Raja Ampat Islands
West New Guinea
No full textThis book explores the human past in West New Guinea (otherwise known as Indonesian Papua, West Papua, or Irian Jaya). The western part of New Guinea and its surrounding islands were critical for the early peopling of the Pacific region over 50,000 years ago, when Homo sapiens moved out of Africa and into Asia, seafaring through the islands of Wallacea as far as New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands. After arriving on the shores of West New Guinea, people adapted to diverse environments including coral reefs, tropical rainforests, swamps, montane cloud forests, and savannah grasslands. Over millennia, people transformed these habitats by burning and cutting the forests, translocating plants and animals, and managing access to resources. Food production later emerged in the region as the global climate warmed up around 10,000 years ago. Between 4000–3000 years ago, the Austronesian languages began to enter West New Guinea, with its speakers settling around the coasts and offshore islands. New forms of exchange connected people and, particularly within the last 2000 years, drew West New Guinea into global networks. The objects produced and traded at ethnographic contact—like pottery, stone axes, string bags, shell ornaments, and wooden carvings—can be informative about these networks, but they are increasingly changing as people navigate and transform their material worlds in the present. The examination of these objects in museums not only casts light on their makers, traders, and collectors, but also highlights the ongoing connections that Papuans have with their material culture in the twenty-first century. The 22 chapters in this book contribute novel perspectives and critical data on each of these themes. The authors come from archaeology, social anthropology, biological anthropology, linguistics, museology, palaeoecology, and beyond. They write about a wide array of West New Guinea's regions, including the highlands, north and south coasts, Bird’s Head Peninsula, Cenderawasih Bay, and the Raja Ampat Islands
Last Glacial Maximum to Late Holocene occupation on the Bomberai Peninsula: preliminary results of archaeological research at Andarewa Cave, Fakfak Regency, West Papua Province
Get PDFThis chapter reports preliminary excavation and artefactual evidence from Andarewa Cave, located in Fakfak Regency, on the Bomberai Peninsula. This area would have been a key thoroughfare between the Bird’s Head of New Guinea and the rest of Sahul during the Pleistocene period. From 2018 to 2021, two 2 × 2 m units were excavated on the north side of the cave mouth. Excavated material at Andarewa included pottery, shells, stone tools, bone points and jewellery, red and yellow ochre, charcoal, and other ecofacts. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal indicates the site was occupied as early as the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 26,327–25,900 years ago. This makes Andarewa contemporary with Toé Cave on the Bird’s Head of New Guinea, and the second oldest site known from the West New Guinea mainland region. The lithic analysis demonstrates that flaking of local sedimentary stone was expedient, focused on the production of small flakes and scrapers, some of which were retouched, although an igneous stone was imported from further afield. Bone artefact analysis demonstrates that bone points, characteristic of West New Guinea and north-eastern Wallacea, are represented at the site, and pig, dog, crocodile, and fish bone jewellery all date to the Late Holocene. Archaeological excavations are ongoing at Andarewa and sterile deposits are yet to be reached: future research will shed light on the antiquity of human occupation around this part of New Guinea.
Pada bagian ini, pemaparan tentang penelitian yang dilakukan di situs Gua Andarewa diuraikan beserta dengan bukti artefak dari situs tersebut. Gua Andarewa adalah salah satu gua prasejarah yang secara administrasi terletak di kabupaten Fakfak, di semenanjung Bomberai. Berdasarkan keletakannya, daerah ini merupakan jalur utama yang menghubungkan Kepala Burung dan seluruh dataran pada masa pleistosen. Kegiatan ekskavasi di situs ini telah dilakukan sejak tahun 2018–2021 dimana dua unit kotak ekskavasi berhasil dibuka dengan ukuran 2 × 2 m di sisi utara mulut gua. Adapun bukti arkeologi yang didapatkan pada situs Andarewa adalah gerabah, kerang, alat batu, tulang dan perhiasan, okker merah dan kuning, arang dan ekofak. Adapun hasil pertanggalan radiokarbon pada temuan arang di situs ini mengindikasikan tentang adanya kependudukan manusia sejak masa Glasial Maksimum Terakhir (LGM) yaitu 26.327–25.900 tahun yang lalu. Hal ini menjadikan situs Andarewa sebagai situs tertua kedua yang diketahui dari wilayah Papua. Adapun hasil yang didapatkan pada analisis alat litik menunjukkan adanya pemangkasan yang sempurna dilakukan pada batu jenis sedimen lokal. Alat batu seperti alat serpih, scrapers merupakan alat litik yang paling umum ditemukan dimana beberapa diantaranya telah mengalami pengerjaan ulang. Dari hasil analisis terhadap artefak tulang seperti tulang babi, buaya, dan ikan yang ditemukan pada situs ini, maka diketahui bahwa alat tersebut memperlihatkan ciri-ciri alat tulang yang selama ini sangat umum ditemukan di wilayah Papua dan juga ditemukan di wilayah Wallacea bagian timur. Ciri-ciri alat tulang tersebut diperkirakan berkembang pada masa akhir Holosen. Penggalian arkeologi pada situs ini masih belum selesai dilakukan sehingga diharapkan pada masa yang akan datang semakin banyak fakta baru yang ditemukan pada situs ini
A Collection of Relationships:Kamoro Material Culture in the Museum
No full textMaterial culture from the Kamoro region on the south-west coast of New Guinea ended up in European ethnographic museums as a result of encounters between Kamoro people and various collectors. As early as 1828, artefacts were acquired during the Triton Expedition for the Wereldmuseum in Leiden, the Netherlands. More material was collected during subsequent expeditions, which found its way into Dutch and British museums. During Dutch colonial times, substantial additions were made by colonial officers, anthropologists, and missionaries. While the Indonesian period between the late 1960s and the 1990s is virtually non-existent in the museum, the Leiden Museum assembled a substantial Kamoro collection during the Kamoro Arts Festival (1998–2006). By focusing in detail on a series of objects in museums, this chapter aims to highlight the Kamoro and European agents involved in collecting processes and their distinct agendas, the long tradition of Kamoro exchange, and the current relevance of museum collections to Kamoro artists. For instance, an armlet collected in 1828 reveals how Kamoro people were continuing an exchange practice established during trade relations with Eastern Indonesia which had been recorded from the seventeenth century onwards. A breast ornament collected by British explorer A.F.R. Wollaston shows how encounters with local communities were not of primary significance to these early expeditions, which were focused instead on the colonial goals of mapping and establishing control over territory. The object was catalogued as ‘Utakwa River’ after the river that the explorers followed. Naming the makers was not important. Yet this breast ornament, unique in museum collections, inspired Kamoro artists to create similar ornaments to sell at the Kamoro Arts Festival in 2002. An ancestor pole (mbitoro) collected by Jan Pouwer in the 1950s indicates how anthropological knowledge was recorded. The encounter with this mbitoro by a group of Kamoro visitors to the Leiden Museum revealed how museum collections are not sets of decontextualised, static objects, but are active links to ancestors. Overall, this chapter demonstrates that Kamoro museum collections of material culture are composed of relationships, past and present. Kamoro museum collections are processes, subject to change as collections are moved or studied, despite their seemingly fixed nature within museums
MOTIF HIAS PADA ARSITEKTUR BANGUNAN PENINGGALAN ZENDING DI PULAU ROON DAN WASIOR, KABUPATEN TELUK WONDAMA, PROVINSI PAPUA BARAT
Get PDFAbstrak. Misionaris yang bergabung dalam perkumpulan Zending Ultrecht untuk Misi Kristen Protestan (UZV) melakukan pengenalan agama Kristen Protestan di daerah Mansinam dan daerah sekitar unik yang diaplikasikan pada bagian tertentu pada bangunan yang ada. Tulisan ini bertujuan mengekplorasi dan mengetahui makna dari arsitektur bangunan, dalam hal ini motif hias yang diterapkan pada bangunan yang didirikan oleh zending dalam misi kristiani yang dilakukan di daerah Roon dan Wasior. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan menggunakan data etnografi yang diperoleh melalui studi pustaka. Hasil yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bangunan peninggalan yang ada di kedua daerah ini menggunakan bahan yang sesuai dengan iklim setempat, sedangkan motif yang diterapkan sangat kuat dipengaruhi oleh budaya adat Saireri. Adopsi budaya lokal pada motif bangunan dimotivasi oleh nilai luhur yang terkandung dalam motif tersebut yang selanjutnya diaplikasikan pada bangunan sebagai pengingat untuk tetap dipedomani oleh masyarakat pada masa lalu.Kata Kunci: Zending, Motif hias, Pekabaran Injil, Roon dan Wasior Abstract. Ultrecht Protestant Mission Union (UZV), also known as Zending Ultrecht, is group of missionaries of Dutch government who did evangelism in Mansinam and its surrounding areas in Cenderawasih Bay. Architectures built for the mission can be found in this area, including in Roon and Wasior. This paper aims to explore the history of Christianity in Roon and Wasior areas reflected in materials used for the construction as well as the architecture ornaments. The descriptive method and literature-based ethnography study were applied in this study to explain the meaning of the ornaments and the influence of local cultures to the colonial legacy. The results shows that the local culture, Saireri, strongly influenced the variety of ornaments used in the architectures. Another factor is adaptation with local climate that can be seen from its building materials. The use of local culture was to serve as life guidance by the community.Keywords: Zending, decorative ornaments, Christianity, Roon and Wasio
Human dental wear on the Late Holocene population, Papua-Indonesia
Get PDFThis study aims to find out the wear pattern and the explanations behind tooth wear in the Late Holocene population in the lowland part of Papua. For this, 51 permanent teeth from five different archaeological sites were investigated to find out the wear patterns of these teeth. In this study, wear patterns in incisors, canines, and premolars were described using the medium-resolution microscope Novex Holland. In addition, the wear and mechanical processes on the occlusal molars during the chewing cycle were interpreted. The results show that types of wear such as attrition, abrasion, erosion, and fracture are present in the incisors, canines and premolars which may be caused by the different types of food consumption. The chewing cycle method presents the wear frequencies, which vary between the sites. The teeth from Yomokho, Srobu, and Mamorikotey showed a highest impact of wear in the buccal phase I that may cause by the tough types of food consumption that require a high’shearing’ process. While the teeth from Namatota and Karas sites present the highest wear in phases lingual I and II, which could be attributed to the abrasive and rougher type of food texture, the process involves power strokes of crushing and grinding
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