46 research outputs found

    An investigation into the relationship between the educational context and the written product of university EFL students with implications for the teaching of writing

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    This study investigates the sources of difficulties that Damascus University learners face in their composition writing courses at the Department of English Language and Literature. The research is carried out through a longitudinal study of both the context and the product of writing across a four year EFL writing course. Findings suggest that the writing problems that students face are inherent in the writing pedagogy in current practice at the University. Most studies in ESL/EFL writing have looked at the final product in isolation from the context in which it has been produced. This work has attempted a study of the process of teaching and evaluating writing at Damascus University across four years and analysed longitudinally, in the light of the contextual findings, the final products (written under the influence of the context described) of the same group of learners. Research on ESL writing too has focused mainly on the teaching of writing in smaller classes. This work is unique too in having to deal with a large class situation. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the thesis comprises six main chapters. The first chapter looks at the theoretical developments in the teaching of Li writing and their impact on ESL,/EFL perceptions and writing pedagogies. Based on the insights gained from the above survey, chapters two and three attempt to evaluate the Damascus University context of teaching writing across the four year program. Chapters four and five analyse longitudinally the syntactic and the discourse level features of an authentic sample of students' written exam products, produced under the effect of the context of writing described in chapters two and three. The aim of this is twofold, to investigate the influence of the context on the product of writing and to trace the development that learners make across the four year program. Chapter six incorporates the relevant theoretical beliefs outlined in the work with an understanding of the Damascus University context to present suggestions for instructional practices that are to make of the writing course a more effective, purposeful and useful one. The approach to writing pedagogy upheld in this work focuses on the 'process' and 'context' of writing without ignoring the 'product'. Its ultimate aim is not only the improvement of the writing abilities of learners but also their growth and development through the composing experience

    Chemical studies of chromanone-thiadiazole, pyridazine and thiosulfin hybrid

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    230-2363-Chlorochromanon derivatives 4a,b are reacted with hydrazine hydrate to afford 3-hydrazino-2-tetrahydro(pyran or thiopyran)chroman-4-ones 5a,b. Then compound 5a,b is reacted with carbon disulfide and acetylacetone to give 5'-thiolo - 2-tetrahydro(pyrane or thiopyran)- spiro[chroman-3,2'- [1,3,4]-thiadiazole]-4-one 6a,b and 3', 5'-dimethyl- 2- tetrahydro(pyran or thiopyran) spiro [chroman-3,2'- piprazine]-4-one 7a,b, respectively. α-Chlorosulfenyl chlorides 2a,b are treated with thioacetic acid to form α-chloroalkyl disulfides 8a,b, the latter compounds 8a,b were treated with morpholine to furnish a mixture of 1,3,4-oxadithiins 9a,b, 1,3,4,5,6-oxatetrathiocins 10a,b, 1,2,4-trithiolanes 11a,b (cis- and trans-), 1,2,4,5-tetrathiins (cis- and trans-) 12a,b. The formation of the new compounds are confirmed by spectral (IR, 1H NMR, and MS) analysis

    Numerous Heterocyclic Compounds with an Isonicotinic Moiety have Been Studied for Their Synthesis, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Docking Simulation, and DFT Characteristics

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    In this elucidation, we focused on the synthesis of isonicotinic heterocyclic molecules through reaction of isonicotinic acid hydrazide with phthalic anhydride, which produced an excellent yield of the equivalent N-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)isonicotinamide (3), and isonicotinic acid hydrazide can react easily with different aldehydes to form derivatives of Schiff bases. Furthermore, the reactivity of hydrazide with CS2 which cyclized in the presence of acid to give the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazole in derivative 7, and the presence of NH2NH2 produced a 1H-1,2,4-triazole derivative 9 that readily reacted with phenacyl bromide with the elimination of -HBr to produce 6-phenyl-3-(pyridine-4-yl)-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine (11). Hydrazide 1 reacts readily with many methylene compounds to produce a wide range of heterocycles. The presence of each produced heterocyclic was confirmed by spectral analysis investigation. Moreover, the synthesized compounds exhibited antimicrobial and antitumor activity against HepG2 liver tumor cells and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cancer cells, and the result was confirmed with different proteins through molecular docking simulation. Moreover, the optimization of the nicotinic compounds with DFT/B3LYP-631(G) basis set and determination of their physical descriptors correlated for its biological evaluation.</p

    SemCW: Semantic Collaborative Writing using RST

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    During collaborative writing each author works on a copy of the shared document. These copies are then merged to produce the final document. This asynchronous work is supported by several collaborative writing tools. While these tools are excellent at merging and detecting syntactic conflicts, they are not able to easily recognise semantic inconsistencies. This hinders the coherence of the document because while each individual copy might be well constructed, they may not be after the merge. To address this, we investigate the combination of the Rhetorical Structure Theory with Operational Transformation approach. In this paper, we define a data model, a set of operations to manipulate the RST structures and a set of transformation functions. A validity checker alerts the authors to areas in the text with possible semantic lapses in the merged documents

    Know thy enemy: Hizbullah, 'terrorism' and the politics of perception

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    The labelling career of the Lebanese armed group and political party Hizbullah is an interesting case with which to investigate the epistemological consequences of the politics of naming. Having found itself since its inception in the mid-1980s on the receiving end of mainly US and Israeli policy makers' and analysts' scorn for being an archetypical terrorist organisation, Hizbullah has been surprisingly successful in achieving its stated aims and in enduring the verbal and military onslaught against it. Although it is not the intention here to reduce explanations for Hizbullah's durability to discursive politics, this article suggests that both the labelling of Hizbullah as terrorist and, conversely, its identification as a 'lebanonised' political force that is about to make its conversion into an unarmed political party are misleading and incapable of grasping this organisation's complexities. In fact, both 'terrorist' and 'lebanonised' labels produce a quality of knowledge inferior to that produced by Hizbullah's own conceptualisation of its enemies. But most importantly, the debate on Hizbullah's alleged terrorist nature has obscured several of its traits that many should register before passing judgement on it. Our analysis shows that the variety of institutions Hizbullah has been carefully elaborating and readapting over the past two decades in Lebanon operate today as a holistic and integrated network which produce sets of values and meanings embedded in an interrelated religious and political framework - that of the wilayat al-faqih. These meanings are disseminated on a daily basis among Shi'a constituencies through the party's institutionalised networks and serve to mobilise them into 'the society of the Resistance' (mujtamaa' al-muqawama), which is the foundation of the hala al-islamiyya (Islamic sphere) in Lebanon. Accordingly, any prospect of Hizbullah's transformation away from armed 'resistance' should be firmly placed in an analysis of its hegemony among the Shi'a of Lebanon and of the tools it uses to acquire and sustain this status. © 2005 Third World Quarterly.ALAGHA J, 2001, SHARQIYYAT, V13, P47; ALMUSAWI N, 2003, ALSAFIR 0821; BENJAMIN D, 2002, AGE SACRED TERROR, P127; Blanford Nicholas, 2004, MIDDLE E REPORT 0914; BYMAN D, 2003, FOREIGN AFFAIRS NOV; DEEB L, 2003, IN PRESS ENCHANTED M, P33; *DEP STAT, PATT GLOB TERR 2002; EZZEDIN SH, 2002, DAILY STAR 1003; Farah D., 2004, BLOOD STONES SECRET; FARAJ AS, 1986, NEGLECTED DUTY CREED; FAYYAD A, 2003, ALSAFIR 0821; FNAYSH M, 2003, COMMUNICATION 0707; FNEISH M, 2003, COMMUNICATION 0707; GOLDBERG J, 2002, NEW YORKER OCT; HADLEY S, 2002, DAILY STAR 0215; Hage G, 2003, PUBLIC CULTURE, V15, P65, DOI 10.1215-08992363-15-1-65; HAMZEH N, 1993, THIRD WORLD Q, V14, P321; Harb M., 2001, MUNICIPALITES POUVOI, P157; HARIK J, 2004, HIZBOLLAH CHANGING F, P47; HIZBULLAH, 1985, NASS ALRISALA MAFTUH; *ICG, 2003, HIZB REB CAUS, P12; *ICG, 2002, OLD GAM NEW RUL CONF, P16; KAHL M, 2002, WELT 0228; Kepel Gilles, 2000, JIHAD EXPANSION DECL; KRAMER M, 1993, FUNDAMENTALISMS STAT; LEENDERS R, 1994, NETWORKS PRIVILEGE P; MERVIN S, COURANT REFORMISTE M, P69; MUZAHEM H, 2003, HIZBULLAHS FUTURE WA, P8; NASRALLAH, 2002, ALJAZEERA 0214; NASRALLAH, 2002, ALMAJALLA 0330; NASRALLAH, 2004, COMMUNICATION 0125; NASRALLAH, 2002, ALWATAN 0319; NASRALLAH H, 2000, COMMUNICATION 1212; NASRALLAH H, 2000, COMMUNICATION 1130; NASRALLAH H, 2002, COMMUNICATION 0330; NORTON AR, 1999, HIZBALLAH LEBANON EX, P2; POWELL C, 2002, AL NAHAR 0703; PRIEST D, 2002, WASHINGTON POST 0630; QASSEM N, 2002, HIZBULLAH METHODOLOG, P83; QASSEM N, 1996, ALNAHAR 0705; RAAD M, 2003, DAILY STAR 0930; RANSTORP M, 1997, HIZBULLAH LEBANON PO; ROY O, 1999, REV MONDES MUSULMANS, V85, P1; RUBIN M, 2002, NATL REV ONLINE 0701; SAADGHORAYEB A, 2002, HIZBULLAH POLITICS R, P14; SHAMI S, 2001, CAPITAL CITIES ETHNO, P111; *US COUNS FOR REL, 2003, COLL DAM IR FUT US S; *US DEP STAT, PATT GLOB TERR 2001; WARN M, 1999, THESIS STOCKHOLM U; 2002, ALWATAN 0319; 1998, ALANWAR 3916; 2000, ALMUJAHID ALSIY 0521; 1998, ALAHD 1106; 2002, CHRISTIAN SCI M 0715; 1998, ALMASSIRA 0824; 2003, ALNAHAR 033127171

    Derivatization and biological activity studies of 3-chloro-3-chlorosulfenyl spiro tetrahydropyran/tetrahydrothiopyran-4,2'-chroman-4'-one

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    1502-1510The adducts 4a,b-7a,b have been obtained either by reducing α-chloro-β-oxosulfenyl chlorides 2a,b with iodide ion in the presence of dienes namely, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoperene), 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,2,3,4- tetrachlorocyclopentadiene, or 1,3-cyclohexadiene, respectively; or by thermolysis of oxadithiin derivatives 3a,b in the presence of the same aforementioned dienes presumably via the formation of the same intermediate A in both cases of compounds 2a,b and 3a,b. It is observed that α-chloro-β-oxosulfenyl chlorides 2a,b undergo straight forward substitution with potassium cyanide to give 8a,b. Direct oxidation of 2a,b with H2O2/AcOH affords 3,3-dichloropyran-4-ones 9a,b, while conversion of 2a,b to the sulfonamides 10a,b followed by oxidation provides 3-chloropyranones 11a,b. Antioxidant and antimicrobial evaluation of compounds 4a,b-6a,b shows moderate activiy. MIC of the derivative 6b reveals a remarkable inhibition of the pathogenic gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ) as well as gram negative E coli

    Tyrosine kinase inhibitors induced thyroid dysfunction: A review of its incidence, pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and treatment

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    Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) belong to a new class of molecular multitargeted anticancer therapy which targets different growth factor receptors and hence attenuates cancer cell survival and growth. Since their introduction as adjunct treatment for renal cell carcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), a number of reports have demonstrated that TKI can induce thyroid dysfunction which was especially more common with sunitinib maleate. Many mechanisms with respect to this adverse effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been proposed including their induction of thyroiditis, capillary regression in the thyroid gland, antithyroid peroxidase antibody production, and their ability to decrease iodine uptake by the thyroid gland. Of interest is the observation that TKI-induced thyroid dysfunction may actually be protective as it was shown to improve overall survival, and it was suggested that it may have a prognostic value. Followup on thyroid function tests while patients are maintained on tyrosine kinase inhibitor is strongly recommended. When thyroid dysfunction occurs, appropriate treatment should be individualized depending on patients symptoms and thyroid stimulating hormone level. © 2013 Hala Ahmadieh and Ibrahim Salti.Abou-Alfa GK, 2006, J CLIN ONCOL, V24, P4293, DOI 10.1200-JCO.2005.01.3441; Arora A, 2005, J PHARMACOL EXP THER, V315, P971, DOI 10.1124-jpet.105.084145; Baffert F, 2006, AM J PHYSIOL-HEART C, V290, pH547, DOI 10.1152-ajpheart.00616.2005; Bladou F., J CLIN ONCOLOGY S, V28; Brown RL, 2011, TARGET ONCOL, V6, P217, DOI 10.1007-s11523-011-0197-2; Carmeliet P, 2001, NAT MED, V7, P575, DOI 10.1038-87904; Cilloni D, 2006, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V1089, P411, DOI 10.1196-annals.1386.030; Clement P., 2008, J CLIN ONCOLOGY S, V26; Degertekin CK, 2012, ENDOCRINE, V42, P756, DOI 10.1007-s12020-012-9683-2; de Groot JWB, 2005, CLIN PHARMACOL THER, V78, P433, DOI 10.1016-j.clpt.2005.06.010; de Groot JWB, 2007, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V92, P3466, DOI 10.1210-jc.2007-0649; Demetri GD, 2006, LANCET, V368, P1329, DOI 10.1016-S0140-6736(06)69446-4; Desai J, 2006, ANN INTERN MED, V145, P660; Escudier B, 2007, NEW ENGL J MED, V356, P125, DOI 10.1056-NEJMoa060655; Ezzeldin M., 2012, INT J CLIN ONCOLOGY; Faris JE, 2007, THYROID, V17, P1147, DOI 10.1089-thy.2007.0104; Ferrara N, 2004, NAT REV DRUG DISCOV, V3, P391, DOI 10.1038-nrd1381; Fujiwara Y, 2012, INVEST NEW DRUG, V30, P1055, DOI 10.1007-s10637-011-9637-1; Funakoshi T., 2012, ACTA ONCOL, V52, P691; Garfield D, 2007, NAT CLIN PRACT ONCOL, V4, P674, DOI 10.1038-ncponc0998; Grossmann M, 2008, CLIN ENDOCRINOL, V69, P669, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2265.2008.03253.x; Hoffmann S, 2004, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V89, P6139, DOI 10.1210-jc.2004-1260; Illouz F, 2009, EUR J ENDOCRINOL, V160, P331, DOI 10.1530-EJE-08-0648; Izzedine H, 2007, CANCER CHEMOTH PHARM, V60, P357, DOI 10.1007-s00280-006-0376-5; Jebreel A, 2007, INT J EXP PATHOL, V88, P271, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2613.2007.00533.x; Kamba T, 2006, AM J PHYSIOL-HEART C, V290, pH560, DOI 10.1152-ajpheart.00133.2005; Kim TD, 2010, THYROID, V20, P1209, DOI 10.1089-thy.2010.0251; Le Tourneau C, 2008, CANCER TREAT REV, V34, P37, DOI 10.1016-j.ctrv.2007.09.003; Makita N, 2013, THYROID, V23, P151, DOI 10.1089-thy.2012.0456; Mannavola D, 2007, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V92, P3531, DOI 10.1210-jc.2007-0586; Mendel DB, 2003, CLIN CANCER RES, V9, P327; Motzer R. 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    Alocoelidia chasei Zahniser & Nielson 2012, sp.n.

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    &lt;i&gt;Alocoelidia chasei&lt;/i&gt; sp.n. &lt;p&gt;(Figs. 32&ndash;40)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description.&lt;/b&gt; Length of male 5.8&ndash;5.9 mm.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Color ochraceous to brownish with dark brown or black markings. Forewing apex smoky or black, dark coloration occupying apical 1/2 of 3 rd apical cell and adjacent areas (Figs. 32,33).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Externally very similar to the preceding species with the following differences: slightly larger, general color darker, tending toward more brownish or dark coloring than ochraceous.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Male. Pygofer sclerotized dorsally to about midlength; somewhat elongate; excavated ventrally; gradually tapered to apex; with pair of very short medially curved spines on dorsal margin next to segment X (Figs 38,39). Valve fused to subgenital plates medially, with line of articulation with plates evident laterally; with long length of articulation with pygofer (Fig. 40). Subgenital plates fused basally, separate and diverging in apical half; without macrosetae; relatively slender; lobate; incised laterally (Fig. 40). Style with basal part and apophysis distinct from each other; apex of basal part with knob-like process directed dorsally, denticulate; apophysis strongly recurved, broad at base, attenuating to long, sharp apex (Fig. 37). Aedeagus with two broad shafts diverging laterally from posterior part of broad base; with pair of recurved processes arising above shafts, directed anteriorly; gonopores large, subapical (Figs. 34&ndash;36). Segment X sclerotized dorsally to base; sclerotized laterally, forming narrow collar ventroapically (Figs. 38,39).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Material examined.&lt;/b&gt; Holotype &male; (CAS): MADAGASCAR: Province Fianarantsoa, Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest edge, elev 1130 m, 21&deg;15.05&rsquo; S 47&deg;24.43&rsquo; E, collector: R. Harin&rsquo;Hala, California Acad. of Sciences, malaise, mixed tropical forest, MA-02-09B-140.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Etymology.&lt;/b&gt; This species is named in honor the first author&rsquo;s nephew, Chase K. Wiggers.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Zahniser, J. N. &amp; Nielson, M. W., 2012, An extraordinary new genus and three new species of Acostemmini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from Madagascar with comments on the morphology and classification of the tribe, pp. 28-52 in Zootaxa 3209 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3209.1.2, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5248266"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/5248266&lt;/a&gt

    Enithares buhleri Brooks 1948

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    &lt;i&gt;Enithares buhleri&lt;/i&gt; Brooks &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Enithares buhleri&lt;/i&gt; Brooks 1948: 43.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Material examined&lt;/b&gt;. INDONESIA, &lt;b&gt;Nusa Tenggara Timur Prov.&lt;/b&gt;, Timor: 1 male, 1 immature, spring and stream at Oe Hala, 10 km. N. of Soe, 685 m., 9&deg;48&prime;12&prime;&prime;S, 124&deg;18&prime;33&prime;&prime;E, water temp. 24&deg; C., 11 September 1991, CL 2593, D. A. Polhemus &amp; J. T. Polhemus (BPBM); 1 male, 2 females, Kab. Timor Tengah Kidul, Kec. Polen, spring and stream at Oe Noah, nr. Polen, 23 km. NE of Soe, 840 m, vic. 9&deg;40&prime;03&prime;&prime;S, 124&deg;29&prime;20&prime;&prime;E, water temp. 21&deg; C., 12 Sept. 1991, CL 2594, D. A. Polhemus &amp; J. T. Polhemus (BPBM); 2 males, 1 female, spring at Oe Noulle, 9 km. N. of Soe, 685 m., water temp. 25.5&deg; C., 12 Sept. 1991, CL 2596, D. A. Polhemus &amp; J. T. Polhemus (BPBM). EAST TIMOR,&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Ainaro Dist&lt;/b&gt;.: 3 males, 2 females, spring in native eucalyptus forest along road to Turiscai, 4.7 km. N. of Maubisse, 1390 m., 8&deg;49&prime;09&prime;&prime;S, 125&deg;38&prime;18&prime;&prime;E, water temp. 19&deg; C., 12 November 2003, 16:00&ndash;17:00 hrs. and 13 November 2003, 08:00&ndash;09:00 hrs., D. A. Polhemus (USNM); 1 male, 1 female, Ainaro Dist., Saru River below road, 1 km. SW of Maubisse, 1240&ndash;1285 m., 8&deg;50&prime;15&prime;&prime;S, 125&deg;35&prime;32&prime;&prime;E, water temp. 20 &deg;C., 2 September 2004, 12:30&ndash;15:30 hrs., CL 7312, D. A. Polhemus (USNM); 1 male, Lautem Dist., Irasiquero River at gauging station, 20 km. NE of Lospalos, 305 m., 8&deg;28&prime;20&prime;&prime;S, 127&deg;10&prime;08&prime;&prime;E, water temp. 26 &deg;C., 19 November 2003, 09:30&ndash;12:30 hrs., CL 7276, D. A. Polhemus (USNM); 2 males, 6 females, Lautem Dist., Tchino River at bridge, 10.5 km. S. of Lospalos on Iliapa road, 105 m., 8&deg;35&prime;20&prime;&prime;S, 126&deg;59&prime;40&prime;&prime;E, water temp. 29 &deg;C., 20 November 2003, 08:30&ndash;11:00 hrs., CL 7277, D. A. Polhemus (USNM, BPBM);&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Discussion&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Enithares buhleri&lt;/i&gt; occurs syntopically with &lt;i&gt;E. timorensis&lt;/i&gt; throughout the island of Timor, but in the experience of the author is generally less abundant at any given site. It may be easily separated from &lt;i&gt;E. timorensis&lt;/i&gt; by its rounded and spatulate metaxiphus, which assists in sorting mixed series of the two taxa. It is also generally larger-sized and darker colored than &lt;i&gt;E. timorensis&lt;/i&gt;. The typical habitat for both species is upland pools along springfed streamlets emerging from limestone bedrock.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Polhemus, Dan A., 2020, Nine new species of Enithares (Heteroptera: Notonectidae) from New Guinea, with distributional notes on other species and an updated world checklist, pp. 132-182 in Zootaxa 4772 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 168-169, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4772.1.5, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3814079"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/3814079&lt;/a&gt
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