4 research outputs found
Bergmekanisk analyse av koplingssporet mellom ny og gammel Ulriken jernbanetunnel
No full textI denne masteroppgaven presenteres en bergmekanisk analyse for koplingssporet mellom ny og gammel jernbanetunnel i Ulriken. For å møte fremtidens behov har et nytt tunnelløp blitt drevet parallelt det gamle tunnelløpet. Ved Arna stasjon har et koplingsspor mellom de to tunnelløpene blitt sprengt ut. Sommeren 2021 blir gjenstående berg sprengt ut, slik at koplingssporet får gjennomslag. Mellom det nye tunnelløpet og dobbeltsporet hvor koplingstunnelen møter gammelt tunnelløp, ligger teknisk rom N2. I dette området krysser en svakhetssone tunnelen. Ingeniørgeologisk kartlegging ved bruk av Q-systemet viser at dobbelarmerte sprøytebetongbuer anbefales som permanent sikring i dobbeltsporet. På grunn av Q-systemets begrensninger i svakhetssoner og kompleks bergromsgeometri, har andre verktøy blitt benyttet for å undersøke stabilitetssituasjonen; i) laboratorieundersøkelser, ii) analytiske beregningsmetoder og iii) numerisk modellering. Laboratorieundersøkelsene beskriver berget i svakhetssonen som svakt, som svært sterkt anisotropt og med høy holdbarhet mot slaking. I svakhetssonen, som beskrives som en kompleks leirrik knusningssone med leirinfisert sideberg, ble svært aggresivt materiale påvist ved undersøkelse av svelleegenskaper ved utdriving. Skattepliktig arealmetode indikerer at bergstabben mellom dobbeltsporet og N2 vil gå i brudd, forutsatt at den er usikret. Videre antyder beregninger av bøyemoment at gitterdragere alene ikke tåler belastningen fra en løs kile i dobbeltsporet. For å beskrive deformasjoner knyttet til spenningsomlagringer ved berguttaket har numerisk modellering blitt utført i EX3 og RS2. Spenningsinduserte deformasjoner i dobbeltsporet antas å være størst i veggene. I dobbeltsporet anses det mest kritiske stabilitetsproblemet å være utpressing av kiler som følge av svelleprosesser. Resultatene fra numerisk modellering indikerer at armerte sprøytebetongbuer vil gi tilstrekkelig sikringseffekt på grunn av evnen til å ta opp tilleggslaster påført av svelling. For å overvåke langtidsstabiliteten i bergrommet, anbefales spennings- og deformasjonsmålinger i henhold til observasjonsmetoden
Bergmekanisk analyse av koplingssporet mellom ny og gammel Ulriken jernbanetunnel
No full textI denne masteroppgaven presenteres en bergmekanisk analyse for koplingssporet mellom ny og gammel jernbanetunnel i Ulriken. For å møte fremtidens behov har et nytt tunnelløp blitt drevet parallelt det gamle tunnelløpet. Ved Arna stasjon har et koplingsspor mellom de to tunnelløpene blitt sprengt ut. Sommeren 2021 blir gjenstående berg sprengt ut, slik at koplingssporet får gjennomslag. Mellom det nye tunnelløpet og dobbeltsporet hvor koplingstunnelen møter gammelt tunnelløp, ligger teknisk rom N2. I dette området krysser en svakhetssone tunnelen. Ingeniørgeologisk kartlegging ved bruk av Q-systemet viser at dobbelarmerte sprøytebetongbuer anbefales som permanent sikring i dobbeltsporet. På grunn av Q-systemets begrensninger i svakhetssoner og kompleks bergromsgeometri, har andre verktøy blitt benyttet for å undersøke stabilitetssituasjonen; i) laboratorieundersøkelser, ii) analytiske beregningsmetoder og iii) numerisk modellering. Laboratorieundersøkelsene beskriver berget i svakhetssonen som svakt, som svært sterkt anisotropt og med høy holdbarhet mot slaking. I svakhetssonen, som beskrives som en kompleks leirrik knusningssone med leirinfisert sideberg, ble svært aggresivt materiale påvist ved undersøkelse av svelleegenskaper ved utdriving. Skattepliktig arealmetode indikerer at bergstabben mellom dobbeltsporet og N2 vil gå i brudd, forutsatt at den er usikret. Videre antyder beregninger av bøyemoment at gitterdragere alene ikke tåler belastningen fra en løs kile i dobbeltsporet. For å beskrive deformasjoner knyttet til spenningsomlagringer ved berguttaket har numerisk modellering blitt utført i EX3 og RS2. Spenningsinduserte deformasjoner i dobbeltsporet antas å være størst i veggene. I dobbeltsporet anses det mest kritiske stabilitetsproblemet å være utpressing av kiler som følge av svelleprosesser. Resultatene fra numerisk modellering indikerer at armerte sprøytebetongbuer vil gi tilstrekkelig sikringseffekt på grunn av evnen til å ta opp tilleggslaster påført av svelling. For å overvåke langtidsstabiliteten i bergrommet, anbefales spennings- og deformasjonsmålinger i henhold til observasjonsmetoden.In this master thesis, a rock mechanical analysis of the connection tunnel between the new and old Ulriken railroad tunnel is presented. To meet future demands, a new tunnel tube has been excavated parallel to the old tunnel. Nearby Arna Station, a connection tunnel has been excavated to connect the two tubes. In the summer of 2021, the remaining rock mass will be excavated, and the diagonal tunnel will be connected to the old tunnel. Between the new tunnel tube and the double-track connection point in the old tunnel, a technical room, N2, is located. In this area, the tunnel is intersected by a weakness zone. The Q-system recommends double reinforced ribs of sprayed concrete as permanent rock support in the double-track tunnel. Due to the limitations of the Q-system in weakness zones and complex excavation geometries, other tools have been used to investigate the stability; i) laboratory tests, ii) analytical calculations and iii) numerical modelling. Laboratory tests indicate that the rock mass in the weakness zone has low strength, is very highly anisotropic, and has high slake durability. In the weakness zone, which is described as a complex clay-rich crushing zone, material with high activity was detected in testing of swelling properties while excavating the new tunnel tube. Tributary area approach suggests that failure will occur in the pillar between the double track and N2 if the pilar is unsupported. Calculations imply that a lattice girder alone will not be able to endure the bending moment inflicted by a loose wedge. To describe stress induced deformations numerical modelling has been conducted in EX3 and RS2. The most critical stability problem is considered to be the loosening of blocks due to swelling. Results from numerical modelling imply that reinforced lattice girders or ribs will give acceptable safety due to the ability to endure additional loads from swelling. To monitor the long-term stability of the tunnel, stress- and deformation measurements are recommended according to the observational method
Is there an association between full IQ score and mental health problems in young adults? A study with a convenience sample
No full textBackground
Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment. Previous studies have shown that individuals with intellectual disability, IQ < 70, have increased risk of being diagnosed with one or more mental disorders. We wanted to investigate if this also applies to individuals with IQ between 70 and 85.
Methods
In this study, data was abstracted from a longitudinal follow-up study of individuals with low birth weight and a control group. In the present study, mental health of participants with borderline IQ, defined as a full IQ score 70–84, were compared with mental health of a reference group with full IQ scores ≥85. Mental health at age 19 was assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-age Children Present and Lifetime (K-SADS P/L) whereby scores meeting the diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder were defined as having mental health problems. In addition the participants completed the ADHD-rating scale and the Autism Spectrum Quotient form (AQ). Logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for high scores on the K-SADS.
Results
Thirty participants with borderline IQ and 146 controls were included. Sixteen (53%) of the participants with borderline IQ met the diagnostic criteria on the K-SADS for any diagnosis compared with 18 (12%) in the reference group (OR: 6.2; CI: 2.6–14.9). In particular the participants with borderline IQ had excess risk of ADHD and anxiety. These associations were slightly attenuated when adjusted for birth weight and parents’ socioeconomic status.
Conclusions
53% of the participants with borderline IQ had increased risk for a research assessed psychiatric diagnosis compared to about one in ten in the reference group. The group with borderline IQ also had higher total scores and higher scores on some sub-scores included in the Autism Spectrum Quotient form. Our results points towards an increased vulnerability for mental illness in individuals with borderline low IQ.publishedVersionOpen Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made
Differential expression of Vitamin D associated genes in the aorta of coronary artery disease patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis
No full textBackground
Vitamin D has an important role in the immune system, and has been linked to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and coronary artery disease (CAD). The exact mechanisms by which vitamin D is involved in these processes are still unclear. Therefore, we wanted to search for differences in expression of genes involved in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation pathway and genes that are known to alter upon vitamin D stimulation, in the aortic adventitia of CAD patients with and without RA.
Methods
Affymetrix microarray was used to determine gene expression profile in surgical specimens from the adventitia of the ascending aorta of CAD patients with RA (n = 8) and without RA (n = 8) from the Feiring Heart Biopsy Study.
Results
We identified three vitamin D associated genes that were differentially expressed between RA and non-RA patients: Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein 45 alpha (GADD45A) (FC = 1.47; p = 0.006), Nuclear Receptor Co-repressor 1 (NCOR1) (FC = 1,21; p = 0.005) and paraoxonases 2 (PON2) (FC = -1.37; p = 0.01). High expression of GADD45A in RA tissues was confirmed by real-time qRT-PCR. GADD45A expression correlated with plasma levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 (rs = 0.69; p = 0.003).
Conclusions
Microarray analyses revealed higher expression of GADD45A and NCOR1; and lower expression of PON2 in the aortic adventitia of RA than non-RA patients. Further studies are needed to elucidate if and how GADD45A, NCOR1 and PON2 are involved in the development of accelerated atherosclerosis in RA. In theory, some of these factors might have proatherogenic effects whereas others might reflect an underlying vascular pathology promoting atherogenesis (such as vascular stress).publishedVersion© 2018 Oma et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
