1,778,935 research outputs found
The Big Toe
No full textBobby McMillon tells the story of The Big Toe in the Hutchins Library-Indiana University Folktale Workshop on 7/18/2003
Toe-in gait reduces the knee adduction moment.
No full text(A) The external moment about the knee is computed using the ground reaction force and lever arm from the knee joint center. Toe-in gait shifts the knee joint center medially and the foot center of pressure laterally in the first half of stance, reducing the KAM. Group average data [18] illustrate how (B) toe-in gait shortens the lever arm and (C) reduces the KAM. Ground reaction force magnitude (not shown in the figure) does not change.</p
Toe structures of rubble mound breakwater: Stability in depth limited conditions
No full textThis thesis is about the stability of toe material for rubble mound breakwaters in depth limited conditions. The present equation, Van der Meer 1998, gives results for depth limited conditions but is not validated. The empirical equation is based on physical model tests done by Gerding 1993. The Van der Meer equation implies deep water and breaking waves on the structure slope. For shallow water conditions this assumption is not valid. Waves start breaking at the fore shore slope and toe which results in a different hydrodynamical wave load at the toe. Toe material is exposed to waves and starts behaving as armour rock. The uncertainties, introduced by shallow water situation are investigated in this research. The objective for this thesis is finding a more reliable design equation in this situation. Fore shore slope and wave steepness are considered of influence. The research is done by performing scale model tests in a two dimensional wave flume. The observations from the experiments and the analysis of the performed dataset gave following conclusions: Fore shore slope is strongly influencing toe stability. This is not only valid in shallow water but also in deep water. In shallow water, wave steepness influences toe stability as well. This is not proven for deep water. Very shallow water shows different hydrodynamic behaviour. Wave breaking occurs at the fore shore. The toe structure is attacked by breaking or already broken waves. Although a reduced wave height reaches the toe, damage is larger because the toe is exposed to turbulent wave attack. A new design equation for very shallow water is suggested in which fore shore slope and wave steepness are included. This is an empirical relation, using dimensionless relations like the Hudson stability number and a new damage number in percentages.Civil Engineering and Geoscience
Simulations of rockfall impacts on trees
No full textThis dataset brings together all the simulation results of rock impacts on trees carried out from the model developed by D. Toe on the platform Yade-Dem.
These data are integrated into PlatRock 2D and 3D as part of the improvement of the forest integration in the models of rockfalls trajectographic simulation.
This dataset only contains the simulation results. Associated python scripts are available hereCe jeu de données rassemble l'ensemble des résultats de simulation d'impacts d'un bloc rocheux sur des arbres effectués à partir du modèle développé par D. Toe sur la plateforme Yade-Dem.
Ces données sont intégrées dans PlatRock 2D et 3D dans le cadre de l'amélioration de la prise en compte de la forêt dans les modèles de simulation trajectographiques de chutes de blocs rocheux.
Ce jeu de données contient uniquement les résultats de simulation. Les scripts associés sont disponibles ici</p
Toe-out landing reduces anterior talofibular ligament strain while maintains calcaneofibular ligament strain in people with chronic ankle instability
No full textBackground: The anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) are vulnerable to be torn or ruptured during lateral ankle sprain (LAS), especially in people with chronic ankle instability (CAI). This study aims to determine whether landing with a larger toe-out angle would influence the ATFL and CFL strains in people with CAI, aiming to contribute to the development of effective landing strategies to reduce LAS risk.Methods: Thirty participants with CAI (22 males and 8 females, age: 21.6 ± 1.5 years, height: 175.3 ± 7.1 cm, body mass: 70.8 ± 7.1 kg) were recruited. Each participant landed on a specialized trap-door device, with their unaffected limbs on a support platform and their affected limbs on a moveable platform, which could be flipped 24° inward and 15° forward to mimic LAS condition. Two landing conditions were tested, i.e., natural landing (NL, with natural toe-out angle at landing) and toe-out landing (TL, with increased toe-out angle to over 150% of that under the NL conditions). Kinematic data were captured using a twelve-camera motion analysis system, and the ATFL and CFL strains were calculated using a three-dimensional rigid-body foot model. Paired sample t-tests and Pearson's correlations were used to analyze data.Results: Compared to NL conditions, the ATFL strain decreased (p Conclusion: Toe-out landing may reduce the ATFL strain while maintaining the CFL strain in people with CAI, thereby reducing the risk of LAS.</p
Bilateral Metacarpal Hands: Reconstruction With 6 Toe Transfers
No full textBackground: Bilateral metacarpal hand injuries are extremely rare, but probably represent the most difficult reconstructive challenge in hand surgery. Methods: We discuss the various options for metacarpal hand reconstruction, including the Krukenberg procedure, bionic prostheses, multiple toe-to-hand transfers, and possibly hand transplantation, and present the long-term functional outcomes, gait analysis, and psychological evaluation after a 4-stage reconstruction of bilateral metacarpal hands in a child using 6 toe-to-hand transfers—bilateral great toe transfers to reconstruct both thumbs and bilateral combined second-third monobloc transfers to reconstruct 2 fingers in each hand. Results: Reconstruction of bilateral metacarpal hands with 6 toe transfers yielded excellent functional results and patient satisfaction. Conclusions: Bilateral metacarpal hand injuries result in a devastating functional deficit and a major psychological impact. Multiple toe transfers (4, 5, or 6) provide an excellent reconstructive outcome with acceptable donor site morbidity.No Full Tex
Scour below the toe of breakwaters: Investigation of scour formation through a geometrically open filter configuration located at the toe of a rubble mound breakwater lying upon sand
No full textScour formation at the toe of a rubble mound breakwater can lead to abrupt failure. Nowadays, counteraction of scour via geometrically closed filter rules, geotextiles or combinations is the common practice. Alternatively, in specific cases the use of geometrically open filters can save significant amount of time and decrease constructional costs. As a primary step towards this direction, the prediction of scour formation through a geometrically open filter can provide important information. Nevertheless, at this moment the knowledge upon this issue is insufficient and limited. A variety of recommendations occurs in literature, separately for toe design/scour protection and for the application of open filter criteria; however none of the studies treats these subjects combined. Therefore the objective of the present thesis is to get insight into scour formation and development through a breakwater toe lying upon sand and designed as a geometrically open filter. Thereby the research aims in drawing the link between scour characteristics with wave loading and filter configuration properties. In order to accomplish the research objective 2D physical model tests were conducted in the 25m long, 1m deep and 0.6m wide wave flume of DMC, installed in the company’s laboratory. In total, 23 tests were executed with irregular waves (Jonswap spectrum) and by varying wave loading and filter configuration properties. In particular, 5 different filter/base layer combinations were examined and 3 different wave conditions were used to investigate the effects of relative grain diameter, relative filter thickness, grading of filter layer, base layer stability Number and storm duration. Quantification of damage magnitude was accomplished via laser profile measurements of filter and base layer prior and after the execution of each test. Furthermore, wave particle velocity climate was determined via the use of an Electromagnetic Flow Meter (EMS) placed at the center of the toe. Finally, temporal evolution scour was captured through the side glass and was examined by digitizing and analyzing snap-shots from predefined time steps. Test results and observations have revealed the highly spatial character of scour formation. Nevertheless, tests with identical boundary conditions showed a surprising convergence in averaged maximum scour depth magnitude. In addition, in the majority of tests an S-curve erosion/deposition pattern was shaped while erosion started immediately at the downstream side of the box threatening breakwater stability. Equilibrium maximum scour depth was reached for less than half the data set; thus erosion process was still in progress. Based on this, two approaches were developed to investigate temporal evolution of scour. Furthermore, dimensional analysis and literature review have revealed the most important parameters that have significant effect in scour formation; their combination has led to the formation of a prediction tool. However, combination of the results from tests with different base materials would not be possible without the introduction of the base material stability Number (critical Shields’ Number). The derived tool is an empirical expression with limited physical background and range of validity. Additionally, it overestimates maximum scour depth due to a serious model effect; the different buoyancy between filter and base layer that was causing initial damage and damage exaggeration. Nevertheless, it is capable of delineating the relative contribution of each parameter in scour depth formation. For an overall view of scour formation, further research will be needed to provide a more accurate quantification of the interrelation between parameters that play a role in scour formation and development, and to implement the effect of missing parameters. Consequently the use of the derived expression as a scour prediction tool in real life is not yet recommended.Hydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Toe structure for rubble mound breakwaters: Analysis of toe bund design tools and a method for toe rock stability description
No full textThis thesis investigates the stability of rocks in toe bunds for rubble mound breakwaters. Presently recommended design tools lack a reasonable degree of accuracy to assess required toe element dimensions. The goal of this research is to improve the insight in the physical process related to stability of toe bund elements under wave load. Analysis of presently recommended methods led to the following conclusions: a. The formula of Van der Meer is no improvement of the formula of Gerding. b. Both methods use an inappropriate relation between stability and damage. c. The method of Van der Meer may often underestimate the required toe rock size. A new hypothesis is formulated to describe toe rock stability. The concept for the model of this study is based on two steps: Step 1: Assessment of the local water motions at the toe bund. The amplitude of local velocity is calculated by summation of the contributions of the incoming wave and down rush, taking a phase difference into account. Step 2: Description of the critical load on a toe rock. The Rance/Warren stability criterion is used with a theoretical adaptation that accounts for porous outflow. Coupling these two steps implies that a rock will move if the occurring velocity exceeds the critical velocity. An evaluation of the hypothesis is performed and the model is fitted to available test data. The accuracy of stability assessment is increased with respect to previous methods. The model of this study has more resemblance to the test data and can be used to predict the required toe rock size in design. This is verified for the applicability range of the data set of Gerding.Civil Engineering and Geoscience
Toe-tourniquet syndrome: A rare potentially devastating entity
No full textToe-tourniquet syndrome is a rare and commonly misdiagnosed condition caused by a hair or a fiber wrapped around digits (fingers and toes). A four months baby girl who was crying and presented with redness and swelling at her 2nd and 3rd toes of right foot. Child had red and swollen 2nd and 3rd toes of right foot with hair end protruding through wounds. Constricting hairs were cut and removed. Toetourniquet syndrome is a rare entity which is caused by hair wrapped around a toe or a digit. Diagnosis is mostly clinical. In order to prevent this condition to happen, education of parents and clinicians is a cornerstone
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