1,721,204 research outputs found
Drive for Muscularity
No full textThe contemporary ideal male physique is large and muscular, and has become more so over the last 40 years (Pope, Phillips, & Olivardia, 2000). This ideal is a prevalent\ud
and socially constructed image in today’s Western societies (Baghurst, Hollander, Nardella, & Haff, 2006). In addition to aesthetic advantages, some individuals perceive\ud
that males with muscular physiques possess various positive traits and experience success in other domains of life (Ryckman, Butler, Thornton, & Lindner,\ud
1997). Given the prevalence of this ideal and the importance it is accorded, it is unsurprising that significant numbers of Western males perceive discrepancies\ud
between their current and desired muscularity levels (Frederick et al., 2007). The disjunction between current and ideal muscularity levels, and the belief\ud
individuals with muscular physiques accrue certain advantages may induce a drive for muscularity (DM) in certain men. Although only subject to recent investigation,\ud
research on this drive is vibrant. As characteristic of many emerging areas, researchers have explored numerous possible correlates. The findings of many studies\ud
need to be replicated, and there have been few sustained efforts to test theory. A review appears timely as a way to consolidate research trends and identify useful\ud
future investigations. The current chapter includes (a) a DM definition, (b) an overview of scales commonly used to measure this drive, (c) an overview of existing\ud
theories that help describe the emergence of this drive in some men, (d) identification of future research and (e) practical applications for helping people whose DM\ud
might interfere with their lives
Drive for Muscularity
No full textThe contemporary ideal male physique is large and muscular, and has become more so over the last 40 years (Pope, Phillips, & Olivardia, 2000). This ideal is a prevalent
and socially constructed image in today’s Western societies (Baghurst, Hollander, Nardella, & Haff, 2006). In addition to aesthetic advantages, some individuals perceive
that males with muscular physiques possess various positive traits and experience success in other domains of life (Ryckman, Butler, Thornton, & Lindner,
1997). Given the prevalence of this ideal and the importance it is accorded, it is unsurprising that significant numbers of Western males perceive discrepancies
between their current and desired muscularity levels (Frederick et al., 2007). The disjunction between current and ideal muscularity levels, and the belief
individuals with muscular physiques accrue certain advantages may induce a drive for muscularity (DM) in certain men. Although only subject to recent investigation,
research on this drive is vibrant. As characteristic of many emerging areas, researchers have explored numerous possible correlates. The findings of many studies
need to be replicated, and there have been few sustained efforts to test theory. A review appears timely as a way to consolidate research trends and identify useful
future investigations. The current chapter includes (a) a DM definition, (b) an overview of scales commonly used to measure this drive, (c) an overview of existing
theories that help describe the emergence of this drive in some men, (d) identification of future research and (e) practical applications for helping people whose DM
might interfere with their lives
Professional development among strength and conditioning coaches
No full textFirst paragraph: As an applied science, the modern field of strength and conditioning has been influenced by two sources of knowledge (Fry & Newton, 2000). One includes the applied or practical knowledge developed from the role strength and conditioning has played in society. For example, as far back as the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Ireland, China, Greece, and Rome, there are records that strength and power abilities were admired and celebrated (Fry & Newton). Many individuals since these times have engaged in physical conditioning regimes to develop their athletic abilities for entertainment, competitive, military, economic, health, and display purposes. Throughout history, people involved in strength and conditioning have learned from their experiences and from those of others about ways to develop sought after physical attributes. The influence of individual’s applied experience is still apparent today, as illustrated in elite level sport where strength and conditioning professionals continually search for new ways to prepare their athletes so they have physical advantages over their competitors. As the second source of knowledge, the influence science has had on the strength and conditioning field may be traced back to the renaissance, where an understanding of how the body worked began emerging (Fry & Newton). Understanding human physiology and anatomy has paved a way for learning how to train the body optimally. More recently, sport and exercise science has had a major influence on knowledge in the field. As these two sources of knowledge became increasingly entwined throughout the 20th century, the modern strength and condition profession emerged
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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