1,724,513 research outputs found
Jia ting wei sheng hui yi.
No full text家庭衛生會議 / 建中 -- 滅蝨 / 禾日 -- 繞口令 / 席香遠.建中等著.本電子書乃根據《香港版權條例(第528章)》而複製, 並只可在大學圖書館系統內的獨立電子書系統上使用.Jian Zhong deng zhu.Ben dian zi shu nai gen ju "Xianggang ban quan tiao li (Di 528 zhang)" er fu zhi, bing zhi ke zai da xue tu shu guan xi tong nei de du li dian zi shu xi tong shang shi yong.Jia ting wei sheng hui yi / Jian Zhong -- Mie shi / He Ri -- Rao kou ling / Xi Xiangyuan
Correction for guessing in the framework of the 3PL item response theory
No full textGuessing behavior is an important topic with regard to assessing proficiency on multiple choice tests, particularly for examinees at lower levels of proficiency due to greater the potential for systematic error or bias which that inflates observed test scores. Methods that incorporate a correction for guessing on high-stakes tests generally rely on a scoring model that aims to minimize the potential benefit of guessing. In some cases, a formula score based on classical test theory (CTT) is applied with the intention of eliminating the influence of guessing from the number-right score (e.g., Holzinger, 1924). However, since its inception, significant controversy has surrounded the use and consequences associated with classical methods of correcting for guessing. More recently, item response theory (IRT) has been used to conceptualize and describe the effects of guessing. Yet CTT remains a dominant aspect of many assessment programs, and IRT models are rarely used for estimating proficiency with MC items – where guessing is most likely to exert an influence. Although there has been tremendous growth in the research of formal modeling based on IRT with respect to guessing, none of these IRT approaches have had widespread application. This dissertation provides a conceptual analysis of how the ―correction for guessing works within the framework of a 3PL model, and two new guessing correction formulas based on IRT are derived for improving observed score estimates. To demonstrate the utility of the new formula scores, they are applied as conditioning variable in two different approaches to DIF: the Mantel-Haenszel and logistic regression procedures. Two IRT formula scores were developed using Taylor approximations. Each of these formula scores requires the use of sample statistics in lieu of IRT parameters for estimating corrected true scores, and these statistics were obtained in two different ways that are referred to as the pseudo-Bayes and conditional probability methods. It is shown that the IRT formula scores adjust the number-correct score based on both the proficiency of an examinees and the examinee‘s pattern of responses across items. In two different simulation studies, the classical formula score performed better in terms of bias statistics, but the IRT formula scores had notable improvement in bias and r2 statistics compared to the number-correct score. The advantage of the IRT formula scores accounted for about 10% more of the variance in corrected true scores in the first quartile. Results also suggested that not much information lost due to the use of Taylor approximation. The pseudo-Bayes and conditional probabilities methods also resulted in little information loss. When applied to DIF analyses, the IRT formula scores had lower bias in both the log-odds ratios and type 1 error rates compared to the number-corrected score. Overall, the IRT formula scores decreased bias in the log-odds ratio by about 6% and in the type 1 error rate by about 10%.Ph.D.Includes abstractVitaIncludes bibliographical referencesby Ting-Wei Chi
Clinical application of evidence-based surgery: the role of audits in surgical practice
Full text linkDeposited with permission of the author. © 2008 Dr. David Ting-Wei ChiangEvidence-Based Medicine (EBM) is the integration of clinical practice with research evidence. The development aims to respond to the limitations of traditional expert recommendations as a guide to clinical practice. It has become a paradigm shift in the way clinicians learn and practice medicine [1-3].
Audit has been recognized as a form of EBM. Although the basic form has been practiced by some great surgeons since last century, often surgical practice has been based on ‘the tradition‘. The universal acceptance and practice of audits in surgery is only recent [4-6].
The aim of the project was to conduct audits for current surgical practice, and observe whether the evidence influence its practice. To achieve the aim, the thesis consisted of six studies, which were designed to investigate three aspects of surgical practice, including quality care assurance, cost-effectiveness of healthcare resources in surgical practice, and validation of a new surgical technique
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Rigorous carrier dynamic model of electroluminescent metal-oxide-semiconductor silicon tunneling diodes
No full textVariations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
A Simple and Cost-Saving Approach To Optimize the Production of Subtilisin NAT by Submerged Cultivation of Bacillus subtilis Natto
No full textAppropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
醫師，你在開什麼藥？─抗憂鬱藥劑的知識生產與爭議
No full text從製造到傳播，醫學知識是一連串社會選擇下及各界交鋒後的產物，近二十年來的「科技與社會」(Science, Technology and Society，簡稱STS)研究一再強調「科技從未獨立於社會之外」的概念。本研究提出以醫學知識生產上、中、下游的三個層次，探討醫學知識生產、傳播過程中的不確定性。
本研究主要以「藥廠」面向切入，描述醫學知識在生產及傳播中，藥廠從何種層面又如何影響醫學研究、醫師處方等議題。本文使用參與觀察、深度訪談法，輔以文獻回顧，從精神科醫師、藥廠業代、藥劑師、求診者等經驗，以「影響醫師處方因素」為報導主軸，描繪出一個流動的、彈性的抗憂鬱藥劑知識生產過程。
結果發現，在台灣醫學知識生產的「上游」有幾個現象：一、醫學中心在廠商欲進藥的脈絡下做研究，產生應用導向的醫學知識；二、藥廠藉由贊助「新舊藥品比較試驗」，新藥可能因此拓展使用患者，研究者之後的推廣企圖也可能因而較高；三、研究中，個案流失的問題可能引發：留下耐受性高的受試者，而高估新藥效果，且研究報告用機率化約受試者，使得受試者個人差異消失。
第二部分的研究發現，也就是醫學知識生產的「中游」。藥廠對醫師個人行銷的影響，可從醫師短時間內某藥處方率增加來討論：一是藥廠業務代表的出現對醫師有「廣告效果」，尤其目前抗憂鬱藥劑市場競爭激烈，可藉此刺激、加深醫師對藥品印象，二是醫師和藥廠業代接觸後所建立的關係，也讓醫師在處方時有人情考量。不過台灣健保總額制度下，政策、醫院對醫師的控制力更強，藥廠對醫師個人的影響力存在，但有限。
醫學知識生產「下游」以一些求診者經驗，進一步說明醫學知識不但本身充滿不確定性，各醫師在使用、轉譯醫學知識時，也因個人背景不同而有不同見解。
本文期望給予醫療專業者省思的空間，在使用這些看似客觀的醫學知識時，能更有自覺其中隱含的社會論述。致謝詞…………………………………………………………………………………1
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………2
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………………………3
第一節 前言…………………………………………………………………….3
第二節 誰的科學？─抗憂鬱藥劑的知識生產上游………………….............7
第三節 是誰在開藥？─抗憂鬱藥劑的知識生產中游………………...........15
第四節 為什麼我不一樣？─抗憂鬱藥劑的知識生產下游…………...........17
第五節 研究方法與設計………………………………………………...........20
第二章 深度報導…………………………………………………………………..22
第一節 醫師，你為什麼開這藥？…………………………………...............23
第二節 這是誰的科學？………………………………………………...........31
第三節 誰牽動了醫師處方的手？……………………………………...........40
第四節 醫師，你為何不開這藥？……………………………………….........54
第五節 醫師，你在開什麼藥？………………………………………….........61
第三章 結論與建議………………………………………………………………..68
第一節 研究結果與結論………………………………………………...........68
第二節 研究價值………………………………………………………...........72
第三節 研究脈絡與限制………………………………………………...........72
第四節 後續報導建議………………………………………………….............74
參考書目……………………………………………………………………………..75
中文書目………………………………………………………………………..75
英文書目………………………………………………………………………..78
附錄
附錄1 台北市立聯合醫院新進藥品申請作業流程...………………………83
附錄2 台北市立聯合醫院新進藥品審查.……..……………………………84
附錄3 心理衛生消費者大問哉錦囊……………………..………………….8
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