1,721,247 research outputs found
sj-pdf-1-ccx-10.1177_10732748221084932 – Supplemental Material for Prostate Cancer Screening, Diagnostic, Treatment Procedures and Costs in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Situational Analysis
No full textSupplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-ccx-10.1177_10732748221084932 for Prostate Cancer Screening, Diagnostic, Treatment Procedures and Costs in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Situational Analysis by Louise K. Makau-Barasa, Achille Manirakiza, Andre L. Carvalho and Timothy R. Rebbeck in Cancer Control</p
sj-pdf-2-ccx-10.1177_10732748221084932 – Supplemental Material for Prostate Cancer Screening, Diagnostic, Treatment Procedures and Costs in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Situational Analysis
No full textSupplemental Material, sj-pdf-2-ccx-10.1177_10732748221084932 for Prostate Cancer Screening, Diagnostic, Treatment Procedures and Costs in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Situational Analysis by Louise K. Makau-Barasa, Achille Manirakiza, Andre L. Carvalho and Timothy R. Rebbeck in Cancer Control</p
Abstract IA31: Precision prevention: Leveraging genomics to improve cancer control
No full textAbstract
Most tumors are incurable once they reach an advanced (e.g., metastatic) stage. Even for those cancers with effective treatment options, prevention has the greatest potential to reduce the burden of cancer in the general population. Prevention has great potential to reduce the burden of cancer before it can cause illness and death. However, not all individuals respond to prevention strategies in the same way: an individual's unique genetic makeup and unique set of biological events that lead to cancer mean that each individual may require a personalized approach to prevention. Precision prevention can be defined as the use of biological, behavioral, socioeconomic, and epidemiological data to devise and implement strategies tailored to reducing cancer incidence and mortality in a specific individual or group of individuals.
In order to develop a precision prevention approach, it is critical that we understand: 1) basic biology of early carcinogenesis (e.g., genomic susceptibility, drivers of cancer, timing of carcinogenic events, reversibility of biological events); 2) heterogeneity (e.g., Inter-individual differences in susceptibility and tumor phenotype, intra-tumor differences in terms of clonality and propensity to metastasize, and response to preventive interventions); 3) unintended Effects of preventive strategies; and 4) implementation and health economics of preventive interventions.
The principles of precision prevention strategies include a focus on those individuals who are at highest risk of suffering or death from cancer (e.g., genetically high-risk individuals and individuals with pre-neoplasia), focus on interventions that are motivated by fundamental biological knowledge, have a favorable cost-benefit ratio, and benefit all populations, including underserved and minority groups.
In order for precision prevention to be successful, research is required to generate fundamental knowledge about cancer etiology and mechanism through scientific discovery; develop novel prevention strategies based on these fundamental discoveries; improve existing prevention strategies by incorporating biological information, biomarkers, risk profiling, and molecular subtyping to optimize prevention efficacy; and understand and implement cost-effective prevention strategies in targeted populations who are most likely to benefit.
Citation Format: Timothy R. Rebbeck. Precision prevention: Leveraging genomics to improve cancer control [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR International Conference: New Frontiers in Cancer Research; 2017 Jan 18-22; Cape Town, South Africa. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(22 Suppl):Abstract nr IA31.</jats:p
Biosampling and biobanking (Chapter7)
No full textThis handbook is the first of its kind to address the unique needs and opportunities in sub-Saharan Africa for cancer researchers. By covering the topics fundamental to all cancer research, but from an African perspective, the handbook serves as a tool for investigators at all levels and from many backgrounds to raise the level of cancer research being undertaken in Africa. It is meant to serve as a guide for those who want to develop or expand careers in research in Africa. This handbook may also be of use to those who are in a position to foster research in Africa, including non-African scientists, governmental and nongovernmental agencies and advocacy groups
Associations between silicone skin cast score, cumulative sun exposure, and other factors in the Ausimmune Study: A Multicenter Australian Study
No full textPast sun exposure is linked to a wide range of disease outcomes but is difficult to measure accurately. Silicone skin casts measure skin damage, but some studies show that age rather than sun exposure is the most important determinant of cast score. We examined skin damage scores from silicone casts of the back of the hand in a large adult sample (n = 534) with a broad range of past cumulative UV radiation (UVR) doses. Participants were ages 18 to 61 years and resided in one of four locations down the eastern Australian seaboard, spanning 27-43°S. Data were collected by questionnaire and during a nurse-led interview and examination. Silicone casts were graded from 1 to 6, where higher score represents greater damage. Higher skin damage score was associated with lighter skin pigmentation [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 4.51; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.33-8.75], fairer natural hair color, particularly red hair (AOR, 11.31; 95% CI, 4.08-31.36), and blue/gray eyes (AOR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.14-2.59). Higher cumulative UVR dose, particularly before age 18 years, was associated with higher skin damage score (AOR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.15-2.67 per 1,000 KJ/m2), as was number of sunburns, even after adjustment for cumulative UVR dose (AOR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.50-5.43 for >10 sunburns ever compared with no sunburns ever). Silicone casts of the dorsum of the hand provide a measure of cumulative UVR dose and number of sunburns over the lifetime, which persists after adjustment for chronological age. They can be used as an objective measure of cumulative past sun exposure in epidemiologic studies, but other determinants of skin damage, such as skin pigmentation, should be concurrently evaluated. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(11):2887–94
Polymorphism in the GALNT1 gene and epithelial ovarian cancer in non-hispanic white women: The Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium
Get PDFAberrant glycosylation is a well-described hallmark of cancer. In a previous ovarian cancer case control study that examined polymorphisms in 26 glycosylation-associated genes, we found strong statistical evidence (P = 0.00017) that women who inherited two copies of a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, GALNT1, had decreased ovarian cancer risk. The current study attempted to replicate this observation. The GALNT1 single-nucleotide polymorphism rs17647532 was genotyped in 6,965 cases and 8,377 controls from 14 studies forming the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium. The fixed effects estimate per rs17647532 allele was null (odds ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.92-1.07). When a recessive model was fit, the results were unchanged. Test for hetero geneity of the odds ratios revealed consistency across the 14 replication sites but significant differences compared with the original study population (P = 0.03). This study underscores the need for replication of putative findings in genetic association studies
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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