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Ram alley, or Merry tricks (Lording Barry, 1611): a critical edition
No full textThe object of this thesis is to produce a critical edition of Lording Barry’s play Ram Alley (first published in 1611 by Robert Wilson and printed by George Eld). This edition will consist of (a) an annotated, modernised spelling version of the text, that text being based on a bibliographic study of the first quarto, and (b) an introduction which will cover: the printing of the first quarto, the life of Lording Barry and his critical reception, the play’s place in and contribution to early Jacobean city comedy (particularly in relation to the use of wit and bawdy in masculine self-definition), and the problems of annotating a text which is so reliant for its humour on bawdy innuendo. The annotation will be very much fuller than is normal for an edition of an early modern play text, aiming to provide not just explanation but also commentary on and contextualisation of the language, contemporary and cultural references, characterisation, and action. This play is something of a by-way in the early Jacobean drama, and, like its author, is little known. It is, however, a competent example of the type of comedy produced for the private theatres and reflects, therefore, on the work of other, better known dramatists, in particular Thomas Middleton. In terms of original contribution to the field of study, this thesis will, it is hoped, add to our knowledge and understanding of: 1. the text of Ram Alley 2. the production of the first quarto of Ram Alley 3. the working practices of the printer, George Eld (who was also responsible for the first quarto of Troilus and Cressida and of Shakespeare’s Sonnets) 4. the nature and hermeneutics of wit in Ram Alley 5. approaches to editing early modern dramatic comedy 6. Jacobean city comedy as a genre
Increased posterior tibial slope is a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament injury and graft failure after reconstruction: A systematic review
No full textKnee; Meniscal slope; OsteotomyGenoll; Pendent meniscal; OsteotomiaRodilla; Pendiente meniscal; OsteotomíaImportance: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and ACL reconstruction (ACLR) graft failure are important clinical concerns that result in long recovery periods, potential long-term knee instability, and poor patient outcomes. Identifying risk factors such as posterior tibial slope (PTS), meniscal slope (MS), and meniscal bone angle (MBA) is important for improving risk stratification, guiding management decisions, and reducing the incidence of both ACL injury and ACLR graft failure.
Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to determine whether increased PTS, increased MS, and decreased MBA serve as independent predictors of both ACL injury and ACLR graft failure.
Evidence review: A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. For evaluating ACL injury, the review included comparative studies measuring PTS, MS, or MBA between ACL injury patients and ACL-intact controls. For ACLR graft failure, studies comparing these measurements between patients with ACLR graft failures and those with successful ACLR outcomes were included. Data were pooled using a random-effects model to calculate the overall mean difference (MD) between groups.
Findings: Out of 1,683 initially identified studies, 75 studies were selected for detailed analysis, 53 analyzing ACL injury and 24 studies analyzing ACLR graft failure. The meta-analysis revealed that increased PTS significantly increases the risk of both ACL injury (MD 1.64°; 95% CI: 1.08-2.20, p < 0.01) and ACLR graft failure (MD 1.76°; 95% CI: 1.03-2.48, p < 0.01). This is statistically significant for both lateral and medial PTS, and across both radiograph and magnetic resonance imaging. A higher lateral MS (MD 3.25°; 95% CI: 1.70-4.80, p < 0.01) and a lower lateral MBA (MD -3.85°; 95% CI: -6.38-1.32, p < 0.01) were also significantly associated with an increased risk of ACL injury. However, no statistically significant differences were observed for MS or MBA between ACLR graft failure and successful ACLR groups.
Conclusion and relevance: The findings indicate that increased PTS, whether measured medially or laterally, is a statistically significant risk factor for both ACL injury and ACLR graft failure. Additionally, increased lateral MS and decreased lateral MBA are associated with ACL injury. This evidence supports the consideration of tibial slope in risk assessment, preoperative planning, and surgical decision-making for both prevention of ACL injury and ACLR procedures. Further research is necessary to fully understand the role of MS and MBA in ACL injury.
Level of evidence: Level IV; systematic review of level III-IV studies
Coronal alignment after total knee arthroplasty
No full textRecent studies have challenged the long-held notion that neutral mechanical alignment after total knee arthroplasty leads to optimal function and survivorship.The ideal alignment for function and survivorship may actually be different.Kinematic alignment, where components are implanted to re-create the natural flexion/extension axis of the knee, may lead to improved functional results. Residual varus alignment may not adversely impact survivorship provided the tibial component is implanted in neutral alignment
The anterolateral complex of the knee: results from the International ALC Consensus Group Meeting
No full textThe structure and function of the anterolateral complex (ALC) of the knee has created much controversy since the 're-discovery' of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and its proposed role in aiding control of anterolateral rotatory laxity in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injured knee. A group of surgeons and researchers prominent in the field gathered to produce consensus as to the anatomy and biomechanical properties of the ALC. The evidence for and against utilisation of ALC reconstruction was also discussed, generating a number of consensus statements by following a modified Delphi process. Key points include that the ALC consists of the superficial and deep aspects of the iliotibial tract with its Kaplan fibre attachments on the distal femur, along with the ALL, a capsular structure within the anterolateral capsule. A number of structures attach to the area of the Segond fracture including the capsule-osseous layer of the iliotibial band, the ALL and the anterior arm of the short head of biceps, and hence it is not clear which is responsible for this lesion. The ALC functions to provide anterolateral rotatory stability as a secondary stabiliser to the ACL. Whilst biomechanical studies have shown that these structures play an important role in controlling stability at the time of ACL reconstruction, the optimal surgical procedure has not yet been defined clinically. Concern remains that these procedures may cause constraint of motion, yet no clinical studies have demonstrated an increased risk of osteoarthritis development. Furthermore, clinical evidence is currently lacking to support clear indications for lateral extra-articular procedures as an augmentation to ACL reconstruction.
The resulting statements and scientific rationale aim to inform readers on the most current thinking and identify areas of needed basic science and clinical research to help improve patient outcomes following ACL injury and subsequent reconstruction.
Level of evidence V
Lateral reinforcement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
No full textAbstractLateral extra-articular procedures were popular in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injury in the nineteen seventies and eighties, but fell from favor due to poor results, concerns regarding biomechanics, and concurrent advances in intra-articular reconstruction. Persistent problems with rotational control in modern reconstructive techniques have lead to a resurgence of interest in the concept of lateral reinforcement. In this article, we examine the history of lateral extra-articular procedures, the reasons for renewed interest in the technique, recent research that lends support to lateral procedures and possible indications for selective use
Why Is There No Socialism in the United States? Law and the Racial Divide in the American Working Class, 1676-1964
No full textThe gap between rich and poor in the United States yawns wider than in any other first-wave industrialized country. Why? One influential explanation points to the historic failure of American workers to build a class-wide movement for economic redistribution and social welfare protections. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when the working classes of Europe were building durable and resilient socialist movements, the American working class was hopelessly split along racial lines. Many analysts today blame white workers for this divide. So racist are white workers, it is said, that they have repeatedly chosen to forego the economic benefits of cross-racial working-class solidarity in order to enjoy the psychological satisfaction of lording it over people of color. This article, written for a symposium on the Constitution and economic inequality, suggests that white workers did not make their choices on neutral terrain. Elites used law to disrupt and discourage cross-racial cooperation. Law played an especially decisive role in two periods: one following Bacon’s Rebellion of 1676, when law constituted white laborers as a control stratum over both enslaved and free blacks, and one during and after Reconstruction, when the Supreme Court immunized white supremacist paramilitary insurgents against federal law enforcement
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