1,721,142 research outputs found
Ilmakehän pienhiukkasten kemiallisen koostumuksen määrittäminen käyttäen suodatin- ja jatkuvatoimisia mittauksia
Full text linkIn order to evaluate the influence of ambient aerosol particles on cloud formation, climate and human health, detailed information about the concentration and composition of ambient aerosol particles is needed. The dura-tion of aerosol formation, growth and removal processes in the atmosphere range from minutes to hours, which highlights the need for high-time-resolution data in order to understand the underlying processes.
This thesis focuses on characterization of ambient levels, size distributions and sources of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in ambient aerosols. The results show that in the location of this study typically 50-60 % of organic carbon in fine particles is water-soluble. The amount of WSOC was observed to increase as aerosols age, likely due to further oxidation of organic compounds. In the boreal region the main sources of WSOC were biomass burning during the winter and secondary aerosol formation during the summer. WSOC was mainly attributed to a fine particle mode between 0.1 - 1 μm, although different size distributions were measured for different sources. The WSOC concentrations and size distributions had a clear seasonal variation.
Another main focus of this thesis was to test and further develop the high-time-resolution methods for chemical characterization of ambient aerosol particles. The concentrations of the main chemical components (ions, OC, EC) of ambient aerosol particles were measured online during a year-long intensive measurement campaign conducted on the SMEAR III station in Southern Finland. The results were compared to the results of traditional filter collections in order to study sampling artifacts and limitations related to each method. To achieve better a time resolution for the WSOC and ion measurements, a particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) was coupled with a total organic carbon analyzer (TOC) and two ion chromatographs (IC). The PILS-TOC-IC provided important data about diurnal variations and short-time plumes, which cannot be resolved from the filter samples.
In summary, the measurements made for this thesis provide new information on the concentrations, size distribu-tions and sources of WSOC in ambient aerosol particles in the boreal region. The analytical and collection me-thods needed for the online characterization of aerosol chemical composition were further developed in order to provide more reliable high-time-resolution measurements.Ilmakehän aerosolit sisältävät pienhiukkasia, joiden koko, pitoisuus sekä kemiallinen koostumus täytyy tuntea, jotta niiden vaikutuksia pilvien muodostumiseen, ilmastoon ja terveyteen voidaan arvioida. Uusien aerosolihiukkasten synty-, kasvu- ja poistumisprosessit ovat nopeita, kestoltaan usein vain muutamista minuuteista tunteihin, minkä takia kemiallisen koostumuksen määrittämiseen tarvitaan jatkuvatoimisia, hyvän aikaresoluution tarjoavia laitteita.
Tämä työ keskittyy aerosolihiukkasten vesiliukoisen orgaanisen hiilen pitoisuuden, kokojakaumien sekä lähteiden tarkasteluun Pohjois-Euroopan boreaalisella vyöhykkeellä. Vesiliukoisen orgaanisen hiilen päälähteet olivat biomassan palamisessa syntyneet hiukkaset talvella ja sekundääristen aerosolihiukkasten muodostuminen kesällä. Helsingissä SMEAR III -mittausasemalla tehdyissä mittauksissa pienhiukkasissa (Dp < 1μm) vesiliukoisen orgaanisen hiilen osuus oli keskimäärin 50 60 % orgaanisesta hiilestä. Vesiliukoisten yhdisteiden määrän havaittiin kasvavan aerosolin iän kasvaessa johtuen todennäköisesti orgaanisten yhdisteiden hapettumisesta ja siten muuntumisesta vesiliukoisemmiksi. Vesiliukoisen hiilen kokojakaumissa valtaosa vesiliukoisesta hiilestä oli akkumulaatiomoodissa, 0.1-1 μm:n kokoisissa hiukkasissa. Mitatut vesiliukoisen orgaanisen hiilen kokojakaumat olivat erilaisia eri lähteistä peräisin oleville hiukkasille. Vesiliukoisen orgaanisen hiilen määrässä ja kokojakaumissa havaittiin myös selkeää vuodenaikaisvaihtelua.
Toisena päätavoitteena tässä työssä oli testata ja edelleen kehittää jatkuvatoimisia reaaliaikaisia mittausmenetelmiä aerosolien kemiallisen koostumuksen määrittämiseksi. Aerosolien pääkomponenttien (epäorgaaniset ionit, orgaaninen ja epäorgaaninen hiili) pitoisuuksia mitattiin reaaliaikaisesti vuoden ajan SMEAR III -asemalla Etelä-Suomessa. Uutta on se, että koostumuksen muutokset tunnetaan tarkasti ajan funktiona, jolloin päästölähteiden selvittäminen on oleellisesti helpompaa kuin aiemmin. Yhdistämällä PILS-keräin ionikromatografiin ja orgaanisen hiilen kokonaispitoisuutta mittaavaan laitteistoon mahdollistettiin ionien ja vesiliukoisen orgaanisen hiilen hiukkaspitoisuuksien samanaikainen määritys hyvällä aikaresoluutiolla, sekä saatiin uutta tietoa vesiliukoisen hiilen ja ionien vuorokausivaihtelusta ja lyhytkestoisista pitoisuuden muutoksista.
Tässä tutkimuksessa tuotettiin uutta tietoa vesiliukoisen orgaanisen hiilen pitoisuuksista, kokojakaumista ja lähteistä Pohjois-Euroopassa. Näytteenkeräys- ja analyysimenetelmiä kehitettiin edelleen jatkuvatoimiseksi, jolloin lähes reaaliaikaiset aerosolien kemiallisen koostumuksen mittaukset tulivat mahdolliseksi.ei saavutettav
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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