1,720,957 research outputs found
På vilka sätt kan stakeholders påverka EU? : En jämförelse av stakeholders påverkan på EU:s GMO policy och på ramdirektivet för vatten
No full textHow stakeholders can influence EU in global environmental politics and what consequences and risks this brings are heavily debated. Some scholars argue that civil society are being disenfranchised from the global political arena while others seem to find them having influence in areas where they normally shouldn´t have any influence. In this this paper I will compare the Europan Union policy on GMOs with the process in producing the Water Framework Directive using an analytical framework to study the level of stakeholder influence. Following the framework I will use two types of data namely NGO participation and Goal attainment. The data once summarized will be analyzed by using the methods of process-tracing and counterfactual analysis. My conclusions regarding both cases are that stakeholders, most notably, were able to influence policymaking in EU by using the internal revisions and by networking in smaller partnerships. Civil society had however slightly more influence in the case of GMOs regarding their ability to capitalize on the combining environmental and health concerns by campaigning and make a strong and skeptical opinion against GMOs
Implementation deficit within the environmental sector - Sweden’s non -compliance with Environmental Directives
No full textThe topic of this thesis deals with the implementation deficit in the environmental sector that exists within the EU. According to the 25th annual, report from the Commission, there were over 3400 complaints and infringement files under 2007. The environmental sector was the area with the highest number of open cases that concerned non-compliance in 2006 Sweden is however one of the best Member States when it comes to the implementation of Directives. Nonetheless, even Sweden has either failed to transpose Directives in time, to implement them correctly or failed to apply them correctly within the environmental area. This thesis has therefore investigated why Sweden, as one of the biggest proponents of environmental issues, has failed to implement Environmental Directives. This thesis has investigated three Directives: the Bathing Directive, the Directive on the disposal of Waste Oils and the Wild Birds Directive, in order to reach some conclusions as to why Sweden failed to implement these Directives correctly. Before it was possible to argue that they had failed it was primarily important to establish that the Commission had sent a letter of formal intent, a reasoned opinion and finally referred Sweden to the ECJ. In all cases, Sweden was subject to a referral to the ECJ and failed in that sense with its implementation. This thesis used explanatory factors from the Community level as from the Member State level. The Community level explanation investigated whether the enforcement procedures, the letter of formal intent and the reasoned opinion under Art 226 and 228 as well as the ruling from the ECJ, had any impact on the non-compliance of the Directives. Sweden received a letter of formal intent under article 228 as they were not complying with the judgment for its non - compliance with the Bathing Water Directive. Sweden followed the letter of formal intent immediately and the enforcement procedure had in that sense an impact since Sweden was not willing to receive penalty payments. The following Directives did not go as far, which indicates that Sweden was more inclined to comply with Directives and not receive sanctions. Explanations from the Member State level were the ability to understand the Directive, willingness to implement it and capability to implement it. Sweden was willing but had difficulties in understanding them since they were vague. This led to different interpretations at different administration levels, which caused the institutions to be inefficient. When the Directives at the same time did not fit the national legislation and Sweden had not prepared itself before they had to implement the Directives it was perfectly clear that they would fail with the implementation
Why inertia in the European Union policies? History, Strategy and Policy Characteristics
No full textIn the European Union policies often demonstrate considerable resistance to reform. A classic exampe is the Common Agricultural Policy, CAP, which illustrates the inertia that can surround EU better than any other sector. The inertia within the CAP has often been analysed from a historical perspective using the path dependency concept as an analytical tool. This thesis suggest that this perspective is not sufficient enough in explaining inertia within EU policies and complementary perspectives such as a strategic perspective and a policy characteristic perspective are therefore needed. These three perspectives are used to explain and analyse inertia or the lack of it in the CAP, the Emissions Trading Scheme and in the 2001 Directive on Deliberate Relase of Genetic Modified Organisms. The historical perspective suggest that inertia can surround EU policies when the cost of deviate from the path is too high. Once a particular decision or path is chosen it is very difficult to get back on the rejected path and there a certain feedback mechanism that inhibits exit from the path. The strategic perspective suggest that inertia can surround EU policies when policy networks and policy entrepreneurs have the will and the capacity to defend the status quo and the policy characteristic perspective suggest that inertia is more likely within EU policies when the policy is consituent or redistributive. Using them together can give an even more comprehensive and broader explanation of why inertia can surround EU policies. The hypothesis that is formulated in the end is thus that inertia can occur in policies where policy networks and policy entrepreneurs defend the status quo, are of a redistributive or constituent character and have path dependent behavior. In the CAP all of these criteria's are present and can be the reason why the CAP is the policy that is the most subject to inertia in the EU
Halliburton, en viktig aktör i beslutsprocessen inför kriget i Irak? En heuristisk fallstudie om företags påverkan på utrikespolitik
Get PDFVi har i denna heuristiska fallstudie utgått från hypotesen att företag under vissa omständigheter har stora möjligheter att påverka stater genom en central beslutsfattare. Vi har utifrån denna hypotes valt att analysera beslutsprocessen i USA som föranledde Irakkriget. Vår ställda frågeställning är: På vilket sätt påverkade företag USA: s beslut att attackera Irak. När vi svarar på denna frågeställning visar vi genom att använda oss av Graham Allisons teori Governmental Politics hur företaget Halliburton genom Vicepresident Dick Cheney påverkat USA: s beslut att invadera Irak. Genom detta försvarar vi tankarna att företag är viktiga aktörer inom utrikespolitisk analys och att man för att tillfredsställande kunna analysera ämnet måste komma ner på individnivå. Vi genererar även nya hypoteser om när det är troligt att dessa kopplingar mellan en central beslutsfattare och ett privat företag kan uppstå och påverka statens utrikespolitik
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
