553 research outputs found
Phit chom Meri loet lam loki kam ru thakon
No full textDrawing on a portrait and old poem, the author describes the beauty of Nang Meri, a female character in one old Thai literature
PENGARUH TINGKAT KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK DALAM PEMBAYARAN PAJAK RESTORAN TERHADAP SELF ASSESSMENT SYSTEM STUDI KASUS DI DINAS PENDAPATAN KOTA PALEMBANG
No full textPenelitian ini untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Tingkat Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Dalam Pembayaran Pajak Restoran Terhadap Self Assessment System. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam Studi Kasus Di Dinas Pendapatan Daerah Kota Palembang tahun 2008-2012. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode asosiatif atau hubungan, populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah Tingkat Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Restoran Dalam Pembayaran Pajak Restoran Rumah Makan Terhadap Self Assessment System Studi Kasus Di Dinas Pendapatan Kota Palembang dari tahun 2008-2012. Data yang digunakan Data Primer. Metode pegumpulan data yang berasal dari penyebaran kuesioner dengan pendekatan survei. Analisis data yang digunakan Kuantitatif. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode asosiatif atau hubungan, populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah Tingkat Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Restoran Dalam Pembayaran Pajak Restoran Rumah Makan Terhadap Self Assessment System Studi Kasus Di Dinas Pendapatan Kota Palembang dari tahun 2008-2012. Data yang digunakan Data Primer. Metode pegumpulan data yang berasal dari penyebaran kuesioner dengan pendekatan survei. Analisis data yang digunakan Kuantitatif
THE EFFECT OF USING QUESTIONING THE AUTHOR (QtA) APPROACH TOWARD STUDENTS’ ABILITY IN READING COMPREHENSION AT JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1 TAMBANG OF KAMPAR REGENCY
No full textThe main focus of the research is to find out whether there is a significant
effect of using Questioning the Author (QtA) Approach toward Students’ Ability
in Reading Comprehension at the Junior High School 1 Tambang or not. In the
research, the type of the research was quasi-experimental research. The researcher
used nonrandomized control group pretest-posttest design. The researcher used
two classes as sample which a consisted of 50 students. The first class was
experimental group and the second was control group. Experimental class was
taught by using Questioning the Author (QtA) Approach and control class was
taught by using conventional strategy. The technique of data collecting was
observation and test. Observation was used in order to collect the data of using
Questioning the Author (QtA) Approach and the test was used in order to collect
the data of students’ ability in reading comprehension at Junior High School 1
Tambang. The technique of data analysis used T-test formula in order to find out
the difference of students’ mean score between experimental class and control
class by using SPSS 16 version. The students’ score was compared with T-table
which considered with degree of freedom (df).
Based on the data analysis, the researcher concluded that there was a
significant effect of using Questioning the Author (QtA) Approach towards
students’ ability in reading comprehension at Junior High School 1 Tambang
with consideration to = 12.000 is higher than T-table either in significant 5 %; =
2.01 or in significant 1 % = 2.68. It means that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected.
So, it can be concluded that there is significant difference between students’
reading comprehension taught by using Questioning the Author (QtA) Approach
and control class taught by using conventional strategy at Junior High School 1
Tambang. In other words, there was a significant effect of using Questioning the
Author (QtA) Approach toward Students’ Ability in Reading Comprehension at
Junior High School 1 Tambang
Presidentide Lennart Meri ja Arnold Rüütli representatsioon Eesti ja Soome trükimeedias riigivisiitide kajastamisel Soome
No full textThe goal of this Bachelor’s Degree Thesis was to analyse the representation of President
Lennart Meri and President Arnold Rüütel in the Estonian and Finnish printed mass media in
the course of reporting on their state visits to Finland. The conducted content analysis covered
four Estonian weekly and daily newspapers and three Finnish weekly newspapers, totalling 50
articles. An additional analysis was carried out of articles published immediately after the
presidential elections (the sample has 69 articles) for the purpose of mapping out the
representation of the presidents in the same channels after the presidential elections and
compare it to that established during state visits.
When Lennart Meri was elected President, the domestic media was discreet in reflecting the
news. But when Arnold Rüütel was elected President, the media reacted to the event in an
extremely active manner. Here the author would like to point out that several Estonian
newspapers had special presidential election columns. The opposite was true of the state visits
– that made to Finland by Lennart Meri was reflected in a more active manner than the state
visit of Arnold Rüütel. The latter was never front page news in Estonian newspapers.
The Finnish printed media reflected the presidential election results and the state visits in a
relatively similar manner – no such remarkable differences can be noted as the ones observed
in the Estonian printed media. In both cases, the dedicated positive attitude of the Finnish
media toward Lennart Meri should be stressed.
The topics reflected during the state visit of the President in 1995 differ somewhat from those
discussed in 2001 as certain changes took place during those six years in Estonia and Finland,
as well in the world as a whole. The most remarkable change can be observed in the topic
columns on “culture and history.” Namely, in 1995 such topics had been of vital importance
in the printed media of both countries, while in 2001 their importance receded almost to zero.
A closer examination of the newspaper articles indicates that during the state visit of 1995 the
stress was more on the history of Estonia and Finland as two kindred nations, the first
President of Estonia and the period that had passed since his visit. Also, the schedule for
Lennart Meri contained more cultural events than the state visit of 2001. It is interesting to
observe that in 2001 the Estonian and Finnish media displayed more unity in the topics reflected than they had in 1995. The active attitude of the Estonian media was noteworthy
regarding the topic of medals – surprisingly, during both state visits.
When comparing media reflections in the two countries, one difference between the domestic
and foreign newspapers is the presence or lack of accusatory and ironic stories. During neither
of the visits did the Finnish printed media have negative-attitude stories related to the visit of
our President.
The optimistic and satisfied Finnish attitude of 1995 changed into a neutral one in 2001, with
no more impassionate stories, although the relations between the two countries remained
excellent. Nor could such impassionate stories be found in the Estonian printed media in 2001
– here the state visit reflection also became more diplomatic.
The greatest difference in the Estonian and Finnish media was that of quoting the Presidents.
The Finnish printed media’s quotations of the Presidents during the two state visits total 128
sentences in the analysed articles. The domestic media deemed it necessary to quote the
Presidents during the same period with only 53 sentences.
The attitude toward the President during the corresponding state visit was generally the same
both in Estonia and Finland. The President as the representative of the state and
simultaneously an exciting personality – this was the picture of Lennart Meri in the media of
both countries. President Meri was represented in his presidential institutional capacity and as
a personality in the Estonian and Finnish media. On the contrary, the picture of President
Arnold Rüütel during his state visit was discreet. President Rüütel in the Finnish media is
primarily the President of Estonia, without an outstanding personality, and the attention given
to him cannot be compared to the attention enjoyed by President Meri. The Estonian media
never praises Rüütel by quoting an opinion leader – he is only praised for being in the right
place at the right time.http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b1738718~S1*es
INFLUENCE OF THE HISTORICAL EVENTS TO THE ICONOGRAPHIC CONTENTS OF VOTIVE IMAGES:AN EXAMPLE OF THE ALTAR IMAGE OF THE OUR LADIES OF PROTECTION IN THE CHURCH OF ST.ANTON ON POLJUD IN SPLIT
No full textU radu se analizira ikonografski sadržaj oltarne slike Bogorodice zaštitnice iz crkve samostana Sv. Ante na Poljudu u Splitu, rad slikara Benedetta Diane. Postavlja se pitanje povezanosti njezinog sadržaja i povijesnih okolnosti u kojima je nastala. Prilikom analize slike jednaka se pažnja poklanja proučavanju njezinih ikonografskih detalja (Bogorodica sa zaštitničkim plaštem Mater misericordiae],sv. Sebastijan, sv. Ludovik Tuluški, poklekli članovi bratovštine, krajolik u pozadini) kao i povijesnim okolnostima koji su utjecali na kreiranje njezina sadržaja. U zaključku se na temelju ikonografske analize utvrđuje da je slika vjerojatno nastala kao zavjet splitskog patricija i protuosmanskog borca Janka Albertija, kojim je traženo posredništvo Bogorodice u obrani od kuge i osmanske prijetnje.The topic of this article is iconographic contents of the altar image of Our Lady of protection placed in the monastery church of St. Anton on Poljud in Split,the work of Benedetto Diano. The author puts the question about connection between the historical circumstances in which the picture arose and its theme.Analysing the image the author emphasises its iconographic details (Madonna with the protective cloak /Mater misericoriae/,St. Sebastian, St. Louis of Toulouse, fraternity members kneeling down,surrounding land-
scape),together with historical circumstances that in fluenced the painter.In the conclusion author proposes that the image was ordered by Janko Alberti,nobleman of Split and anti-Ottoman warrior. She also suggests that by this picture Alberti wanted to request Madonna ’s intervention against plague and Ottoman threat
DALMATIAN PATRICIANS AND SOCIAL CHRISTIANITY. ON MEDIEVAL HOSPITALS OF RAB, ESPECIALLY ABOUT THE HOSIPTAL PF THE BODY OF CHRIST AND ITS FOUNDER PETER DE ZARO
No full textNa temelju analize četiriju oporuka i triju kodicila, koje je zapisao rapski kanonik i bilježnik Toma Stančić za jednog od najuglednijih rapskih patricija 15. stoljeća Petra de Zaro, autorica razmatra
pitanje utemeljenja hospitala i bratovština kao izričaja tzv. »socijalnog kršćanstva« u kojem se kao osnova religioznosti ističu milosrđe i solidarnost prema potrebitima – bolesnima, starima i drugim osobama na marginama komunalnih društava na istočnoj obali Jadrana. Oporuke i kodicili Petra de Zaro, sastavljeni u razdoblju od 1450. do 1464. godine, izuzetno su zahvalna neobjavljena arhivska građa koja nam daje izravan uvid u religioznost jednog vrlo bogatog, a istodobno i obrazovanog i religioznog, patricija koji je imao toliko materijalno i novčano bogatstvo da je sam mogao utemeljiti hospital i oltar Tijela Kristova vezanih uz katedralnu crkvu sv. Marije u Rabu kao i religioznu bratovštinu u crkvi sv. Bernardina u Kamporu. Pored raščlambe podataka koji se odnose na hospital i bratovštinu, u radu se razmatra njihovo uređenje koje je Petar de Zaro vrlo detaljno razradio u svojim posljednjim voljama. Također se razmatra značenje blagdana i svetkovine Tijela Kristova u kasnom srednjem vijeku, problem siromaštva u Rabu te razvitak brige za siromašne i bolesne kao općenito poboljšanje zdravstvene kulture na Rabu u kasnom srednjem vijeku.Notarial books of Rab commune from the period of high and late Middle Ages are exceptionally well preserved. Namely, during that period several dozens of notaries were engaged by Rab authorities and their records represent one of the best preserved archival
sources on the Eastern Adriatic coast. Unfortunately, majority of these records are still unpublished. Similarly, these documents are examined only by few scholars during the twentieth century, who consulted them regarding only certain historical questions and some issues concerning history of art. Consequently, this contribution also investigates only one segment of the history of Rab. Namely, author of this article analyzes and attempts to reconstruct some aspects of religious life of medieval inhabitants of Rab as a part of their
daily life. The analysis is based on four testaments and three codicils, which were written for Peter de Zaro, one of the most prominent inhabitants of Rab. These documents were written by Thomas Stančić, contemporary prebendary and notary of Rab. Moreover, author analyzes last will of Peter’s wife Maria de Zaro, which was also recorded by Thomas Stančić. Beside records of Thomas Stančić, in the analysis author uses information from the notarial books of Andrew Fajeta, and some other notaries of Rab from the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries, too. Moreover, author has consulted relevant data from the Statute of Rab, canonical visitations and certain information from other eastern Adriatic communes, primarily as a comparative material. Focus of the analysis is put to the questions about foundation of the hospital and its relations to confraternities, as phenomena of “social Christianity”, which was characterized by charity and solidarity towards those in need – sick, old and others on the margins of the communal societies at the Eastern Adriatic
coast. Last wills and codicils of Peter de Zaro, written in the period between 1450 and 1464, represent exceptionally useful archival material since they reveal an explicit insight to religiosity and social life of a considerably rich and educated patrician, whose wealth
enabled him to establish hospital and altar of the Body of Christ (Corpus Christi) connected with the cathedral of St Mary in Rab and religious confraternity in the church of St Bernard in Kampor. Moreover, Author discusses relations between the hospital and
the confraternity, and delivers a detailed examination of their organizational structures that can be found in the last wills of Peter de Zaro. By the same token, author discusses importance of Corpus Christy feast during the late Middle Ages, especially because Peter
de Zaro was openly inclined to such kind of piety. Furthermore, author analyzes problem of poverty in Rab in respect of development of charity, together with the care for the poor and sick, and development of health care system in general during the late Middle Ages. At the end, it is important to note that, in spite of the endeavors of Peter de Zaro, the ultimate goal of his charity bequeaths was not accomplished. Namely, during the later centuries
the trust he bequeathed did not remain prosperous and organized as it should, though the executors of the testaments and codicils, together with the prior of the hospital of the Body of Crist had reasonably clear instructions how the trust should be governed. Namely, records from canonical and bishopric visitations clearly show that the afore-mentioned institutions, which Peter de Zaro wanted to last in perpetuum, often were driven to the edge of poverty
Parametric design of non-conventional diagrid systems for tall buildings: Performance of structural grids inspired in historical geometric Islamic ornamental art
No full textGeometric patterns inspired in historical Islamic ornamental art have attracted the attention of contemporary designers worldwide. The large variety of shapes, symmetries and combinations is a source of inspiration, but at the same time makes it difficult to provide general rules when used in a technological application. Structural small-scale applications have been object of research, but there are potential applications at larger scales that deserved attention. In view of some recent proposals of Islamic patterns as structural grids for tall building skins, the question of their structural efficiency, especially compared to conventional grids, arises. The purpose of this research is to assess the performance of structural grids based on geometric Islamic patterns as outer skins of tall buildings. For this purpose, several historic patterns have been classified. An equivalent meta-material has been defined for each pattern, based on the homogenization method for a series of saturations or beam sizes. Their response in different orientations has been studied to identify their structural behaviour based on the pattern geometry. Their relative performance has been assessed for all patterns against themselves and against the conventional diagrid system. All this process has been collected and summarized in a predesign tool made of graphs, pictures and tables Finally, the predesign tool accuracy has been assessed and applied to three tall buildings. All those steps have been structured in three distinctive levels: At the method level, the conclusion is that the developed predesign tool is a success as it provides a higher level of accuracy than modelling all the beams. It is also faster and easier to implement, than modelling all the beam elements, to compare alternatives in early stages as the complexity of modelling the patterns is postponed to later stages. As the saturation decreases and the effective beam length influence in the beam model results diminishes, the beam model will become more reliable than the predesign tool and vice versa. At the pattern level, the most interesting finding is that the patterns with square symmetry (symmetry directions at 90º) display a perpendicular isotropic behaviour, whereas the patterns with pentagonal symmetry (symmetry directions at 72ª) display an orthotropic behaviour, and the patterns with hexagonal symmetry (symmetry directions at 60ª) display an isotropic behaviour. It has also been studied the effect that would have filling the stars as an alternative to building the patterns as an assembly of beams. At the building level, it has been found a few geometric Islamic patterns that could be suitable alternatives to the conventional diagrid systems, a pattern with a similar performance and even a pattern with a higher structural performance than the conventional diagrids. This highly performing pattern is currently been used for some architects such as Shigeru Ban in their parametric designs. In this regard, it can be concluded that the objective of finding suitable alternatives to conventional diagrid systems has also been a success and it can affect some designers engineering judgement. The homogenization process obtained an equivalent ideal material corresponding to a plane infinite panel that will not correspond with the built structural grid. The use of complex geometries and its application to tall buildings introduce effects not considered in the homogenization that will disrupt the expected structural performance. Those effects are minimized in the case of other shells structures such as domes but can be important in the case of tall buildings. It is not advisable to account for the squeezing effect by adapting the saturation with the change of the modulus size in the x-direction as the relative beam depth has a greater impact in the overall stiffness than the change of geometry due to the squeezing effect. The distortion effect cannot be accounted for directly and it depends on the angle of the distortion and the pattern. However, in the studied case it has been found a required correction factor of 1.2-1.3, in line with other uncertainty factors used in practice. Finally, the intermediate supports can have a great influence in the final drift. It depends on the pattern used and the number of diaphragms inside the module. Nevertheless, the use of intermediate supports is always beneficial and not considering them will always lead to more conservative solutions. In conclusion, this document successfully bridges the knowledge gap regarding the structural behaviour of historic Islamic patterns, with comparative tables. It identifies the best performing patterns and their best orientation, and it provides a useful tool for the decision making in the design process of in-plane bearing geometric Islamic patterns.Civil Engineering | Structural Engineerin
Guinope tiara Thoma & Felder 2020, n. gen., n. sp.
No full textGuinope tiara n. gen., n. sp. ( Figs. 1 A–M; 2A–D) Garthiope barbadensis, Thoma et al. 2009: tab. 2, figs 1 & 2, 563. Not Garthiope barbadensis ( Rathbun, 1921). "Gen. nov., sp. nov. near Garthiope barbadensis", Thoma et al. 2014: 90, tab. 1. "nov. gen. nov. sp. near Garthiope barbadensis ", Thoma et al. 2014: fig. 1, 92. "New genus nr. Garthiope ", Lai et al. 2011: tab. 1, fig. 1, 421, 422, 432, 442. Type material. Northern Gulf of Mexico: Holotype: male, cw 4.2 mm, Sackett Bank, Louisiana, 28° 37.81´ N, 89° 33.32´ W, 63–65 m, 28 June 2006, USNM 1577453 (= ULLZ 8183, part, genetic voucher). Paratypes: 2 males, cw 3.4, 3.6 mm, 1 ovigerous female, cw 3.9 mm, Sackett Bank, Louisiana, 28° 37.81´ N, 89° 33.32´ W, 63–65 m, 28 June 2006, USNM 1543543 (= ULLZ 8183, part, photograph voucher); 1 male, cw 2.2 mm, 3 females, cw 2.6, 3.2, 3.4 mm, Sackett Bank, Louisiana, 28° 37.81´ N, 89° 33.32´ W, 63–65 m, 28 June 2006, USNM 1543552 (= ULLZ 8210); 1 male, cw 4.2 mm, 1 female, cw 4.0 mm, Sackett Bank, Louisiana, 28° 37.89´ N, 89° 33.27´ W, 63–68 m, 28 June 2006, USNM 1577531 (= ULLZ 18299); 1 ovigerous female, cw 4.0 mm, Sackett Bank, Louisiana, 28° 38.033´ N, 89° 33.387´ W, 61–71 m, 7 September 2014, USNM 1549376 (= ULLZ 16150, photograph voucher); 3 males, cw 2.8, 3.7, 4.0 mm, 1 female 3.2 mm, Sackett Bank, Louisiana, 28° 38.125´ N, 89° 33.478´ W, 60–61 m, 2 December 2010, USNM 1547191 (= ULLZ 13760); 1 ovigerous female, cw 4.5 mm, Sackett Bank, Louisiana, 28° 38.047´ N; 89° 35.826´ W, 58–80 m, 24 August 2012, USNM 1547740 (= ULLZ 14552, photograph voucher); 1 male, cw 6.9 mm, off Alabama, 29° 24.43´ N, 87° 58.63´ W, 72-74 m, 29 June 2006, USNM 1543895 (= ULLZ 8581, photograph voucher); 1 male, cw 3.3 mm, 1 female, cw 2.8 mm, off Alabama, 29° 19.57´ N, 87° 46.29´ W, 96–106 m, 30 June 2006, USNM 1543550 (= ULLZ 8208); 6 males, cw 3.1–3.8 mm, 5 females (1 ovigerous), cw 2.3–5.8 mm, off Alabama, 29° 24.61´ N, 87° 58.62´ W, 71–73 m, 29 June 2006, USNM 1543544 (= ULLZ 8191); 1 male, cw 5.0 mm, off Alabama, 29° 24.61´ N, 87° 58.62´ W, 71–73 m, 29 June 2006, USNM 1547121 (= ULLZ 13266 genetic voucher); 1 male, cw 3.7 mm, 2 females, cw 5.6, 5.8 mm, off Alabama, 29° 24.43´ N, 87° 58.63´ W, 72–74 m, 29 June 2006, USNM 1543849 (= ULLZ 8173, photograph voucher); 4 males, cw 3.1, 3.8, 4.4, 4.9 mm, 1 female, cw 5.1 mm, off Alabama, 29° 24.43´ N, 87° 58.63´ W, 72–74 m, 29 June 2006, USNM 1543542 (= ULLZ 8170, genetic voucher); 2 males, cw 4.3, 5.2 mm, 3 females, cw 5.9, 3.7, 3.4 mm, off Mississippi-Alabama border, 29° 15.68´ N, 88° 20.24´ W, 78–86 m, 27 August 2011, USNM 1547899 (= ULLZ 14614). Northwestern Gulf of Mexico: 2 males, cw 5.6, 7.0 mm, off Louisiana, "The Halo" WW II shipwreck, 28° 42.01´ N, 90° 08´ W, 143 m, 14 August 2004, USNM 1547695 (= ULLZ 14505); 1 male, cw 4.8 mm, off Louisiana, Ewing Bank, 28° 05.011´ N, 90° 58.646´ W, 79–82 m, 5 December 2010, USNM 1547058 (= ULLZ 13237); 1 male, cw 4.8 mm, Ewing Bank, 28° 05.029´ N, 90° 58.656´ W, 78–83 m, 5 December 2010, USNM 1547060 (= ULLZ 13242); 1 male, cw 3.7 mm, 1 female, cw 4.0 mm, Fishnet Bank, TAMU submersible dive 74-G-10, 28° 09´ N, 91° 49´ W, 21 June 1974, USNM 1538101 (= ULLZ 12242); 1 male, cw 3.5 mm, West Flower Garden Banks, diver collection 48 m, 7 May 1972, USNM 1538099 (= ULLZ 12233); 1 male, cw 4.9 mm, off Louisiana, 28° 05.009´ N, 91° 09.393´ W, 109–110 m, 24 August 2008, USNM 1538097 (= ULLZ 11911); 1 male, cw 3.2 mm, Mysterious Bank, Texas, R / V Falkor ROV, 26° 46´ N, 96° 42´ W, 26 November 2012, USNM 1547880 (= ULLZ 14592); 1 male, cw 3.6 mm, 1 ovigerous female, cw 4.4 mm, Mysterious Bank, Texas, R / V Falkor ROV, 26° 46´ N, 96° 42´ W, 27 September 2012, USNM 1548935 (= ULLZ 15560); 2 males, cw 3.7, 2.3 mm, 3 females (2 ovigerous), cw 4.5, 4.8, 2.8, 4 unsexed tentatively identified juveniles, cw 1.6–1.9 mm, Aransas Bank, Texas, R / V Falkor ROV, 27° 36´ N, 96° 27´ W, 21 September 2012, USNM 1547711 (= ULLZ 14581, photograph voucher); 3 males, cw 3.2, 3.5, 4.4 mm, 1 ovigerous female, cw 4.3 mm, Aransas Bank, Texas, R / V Falkor ROV, 27° 03´ N, 96° 43´ W, 21 September 2013, USNM 1547888 (= ULLZ 14602); 1 unsexed damaged, cw 3.4 mm, Dream Bank, Texas, R / V Falkor ROV, 27° 03´ N, 96° 43´ W, 23 September 2012, USNM 1547891 (= ULLZ 14605). Diagnosis. Carapace wider than long (length near 2/3 width), dorsal surface weakly convex, regions poorlydefined, granulate, size and density of granules increasing anteriorly in each region; frontal margin bilobed, median fissure distinct; anterolateral teeth arrayed in arc, first and second often fused, appearing as weakly spiniform lobes to nearly obsolete, third and fourth acute to subacute, third directed anteriorly to anteromedially, fourth directed anteriorly to anterolaterally, fifth at most a denticle or subacute process. Chelipeds densely granulate on superior and extensor surfaces, carpus superoflexor margin with two distinct acute to subacute processes, largest distal, apex directed dorsally. Pereopods two through five (walking legs) with merus superior margin bearing distinct row of small distally directed, triangular teeth, strongest distal. Male pleon anteriorly elongate, reaching beyond first pereopod condyle; second somite width subequal to that of first, seventh sternite obscured or at most visible as small sliver to either side; third segment proximo-lateral extremities broadly subtriangular, unevenly rounded, slightly overreaching fifth pereopod coxa proximally; third through fifth fused, sutures visible externally only as small notches laterally; sixth segment slightly broader than long; telson rounded. Male first pleopod (gonopod 1) long, sinuous, reaching beyond anterior end of median sternal groove, visible to either side of pleon distally, apex narrowly spatulate. Male second pleopod less than one-third length of first. Applicable GenBank sequence accession numbers for USNM 1543542 (= ULLZ 8170) and USNM 1577463 holotype (= ULLZ 8183, part) are as follow: (16s) EU863367, EU863366; (12s) EU863301, EU863300. Description. Carapace ( Fig. 1A) weakly convex, distinctly wider than long, dorsal regions poorly-defined by shallow grooves, surface sparsely granulate, granules increasing in size and density anteriorly, most dense in hepatic and frontal regions, occasionally forming weak rows or carinae; frontal margin bilobed, downturned, slightly thickened by dense granules, median fissure distinct, lobes broadly convex, antennal sinus shallow, distinct; supraorbital margin granulate, median fissure small, indistinct, lateral fissure obsolete, or nearly so. Pterygostomial and subhepatic regions ( Fig. 1B) granulate, granules small; pterygostomial ridge reduced, present as slightly raised line of granules. Branchiostegite below anterolateral teeth with ventral margin nearly straight above coxa of each walking leg, at most slightly cuspate. Second and third pleurites with full width narrowly visible below ventral margin of branchiostegite above pereopod coxae, anterolateral margin of fourth pleurite occasionally visible as small wedge- like prominence. Anterolateral teeth moderately developed, first and second teeth weak to obsolete, often reduced to spinous prominences; third and fourth teeth (appearing as second and third, respectively, given obsolescence to fusion of preceding and counting outer orbital angle as first) anterolaterally directed, typically ending in acute spiniform process distally, third largest; fifth tooth typically small, nearly obsolete, acute to subacute. Eyestalk with distinct raised, coarsely granulate anterior crest. Third maxilliped ( Fig. 1 B–D) protopod subcuneate, narrowing laterally, bearing small subtriangular projection proximomesially, external surface with slight notch or groove near distomesial margin, patch of medium length simple setae distolaterally, continuing slightly onto epipod, distal surface deeply grooved to accept ventral edge of carapace, internal surface with two unequal projections on distal margin. Epipod strongly curved posteroventrally near one-third length, distally fringed with long simple setae; podobranch gill typically small, short, lamellae limited to tight terminal bundle (not shown). Endopod basis subtriangular, basis suture with ischium nearly fused, indistinct; ischium broadly subrectangular, proximal portion deflected laterally, external surface with few sparse granules near distomesial corner, mesial margin with irregular fringe of short to medium length simple setae, continued for short distance on internal surface, subtriangular uncalcified region at articulation with merus; merus subquadrate, lateral margin concave, distal margin with indentation mesially, distomesial corner excavated to accommodate carpus, external surface with several large coarse granules near distal and distomesial margins, internal surface deeply excavate to accept endopod of second maxilliped, excavation with fringe of short simple setae, internal surface with raised ridge of setae near mesial margin proximal to articulation with carpus, distomesial uncalcified region at articulation with carpus, mesial margin with sparse fringe of medium length simple setae; carpus appearing subcylindrical externally, subobovate internally, external surface granulate especially near extensor margin, internal surface with fringe of medium-long stout simple setae on distal margin; propodus cylindrical, internal surface with short row of medium-length stout simple setae near midlength; dactylus subcylindrical, tapering distally, nearly twice as long as propodus, flexor margin with short fringe of medium-length stout simple setae proximally, extending about half dactylus length, tip bearing dense tuft of long stout simple setae. Exopod sublanceolate, nearly linear, slightly tapering distally, internal surface mesial margin produced, forming subtriangular projection in distal third, projection fringed with several short to medium length simple setae, external surface mesial margin subtly crenulate, lateral margin with sparse fringe of very short simple setae in proximal one-half, internal surface with short irregular row of short to medium-length setae near mesial margin in proximal one-half; flagellum recurved, multi-articulate distally, bearing numerous long, simple setae. Chelipeds (first pereopods) ( Fig. 1 E–G) moderately unequal, sparsely setose, dense broad field of subacute granules covering superior and extensor surfaces, occasionally forming one or more ridges on superior surface of carpus and propodus, especially on major chela; merus superolateral margins with large, broad, subacute, spines, flexor surface granulate, granules larger, sharper near superior and inferior margins, proximo-inferior margin typically fringed with short plumose setae, extensor surface densely granulate, granules decreasing in size and density from superior to inferior margins; carpus densely granulate with broad, subacute granules, strong distal subacute, spiniform, tooth on flexor side of superior surface, two smaller teeth proximally, superior and extensor surfaces with few sparse plumose setae, superodistal margin often with distinct fringe of plumose setae; propodus superior and supero-external surfaces densely granulate with few sparse simple setae, granules broad, subacute, superior surface occasionally with distinct longitudinal groove, flexor surface of palm smooth to micropunctate, distal margin near gape with fringe of small distinct teeth; fixed finger of major chelae short, stout, smooth on both flexor and extensor surface, extensor surface often with two shallow grooves, inferior margin weakly sinuous deflected gently downwards, apex distinctly curved upwards, opposable margin bearing two to three prominent teeth, often with several smaller teeth between, teeth occasionally worn to low rounded lobes; fixed finger of minor chela noticeably longer and more slender than that of major, opposable margin forming slender cutting edge, often with several small teeth proximally, occasionally worn to appear like two distinct platforms or steps; dactylus of major chela curved, slightly longer than fixed finger, superior surface with shallow, longitudinal groove on external side of superior midline, groove widest and deepest proximally, several medium length simple setae on proximal half, cutting edge armed proximally with two large subtriangular teeth, single triangular tooth near mid-length, and numerous small, variably rounded teeth along distal cutting edge, tip strongly curved downwards, forming coniform tooth; dactylus of minor chela curved, longer than fixed finger, superior ridge granulate, granules strongest proximally, shallow narrow groove on external side of superior midline, groove much deeper and broader than on the major chela, cutting edge dentition much weaker than in major chela, appearing as thin, weakly crenulate margin, tip strongly curved downwards to form sharp, coniform tooth. FIGURE. 2. Guinope tiara n. gen., n. sp., color variants, northern Gulf of Mexico: A, female, cw 5.8 mm (USNM 1543849 = ULLZ 8173); B, male, cw 6.9 mm, USNM 1543895 (= ULLZ 8581); C, male, cw 3.7 mm, USNM 1543849 (= ULLZ 8173); D, ovigerous female, cw 4.5 mm, Sackett Bank, Louisiana, USNM 1547740 (= ULLZ 14552). Pereopods two through five (walking legs) generally similar in form ( Fig. 1H), pereopods two through four subequal, fifth smallest; ischium extensor margin about one-half length of flexor margin; merus length slightly less than three times width at widest point, extensor margin bearing single longitudinal row of irregular acute teeth along with four or five long sparsely-plumose setae, excavate subdistally by smooth transverse depression or groove, disto-extensor margin curved upwards appearing as large distal subacute tooth, flexor margin granulate in proximal three-fourths with several simple setae, longest proximal; carpus strongly bent in flexor plane at near right angle, extensor margin densely granulate appearing as several irregular rows of subacute granules, creating elongate sulcus near extensor margin on posterior surface; propodus extensor margin granulate, granules subacute, with several plumose or simple setae, granules continued onto posterior surface above midline, flexor margin with irregular fringe of mixed short stout setae and long thin setae; dactylar-propodal locking mechanism not developed; dactylus subcylindrial, tapering distally, flexor and extensor margins with short dense pubescence intermixed with long simple setae, corneous tip falciform, lacking subterminal, calcareous, raptorial tooth. Thoracic sternum of male ( Fig. 1 J–K) narrow, anteriorly projected, length from apex to suture of fourth and fifth sternites (measured at the edge of the pleon) 0.57–0.61 times greatest width of fourth sternite (including episternites); pleonal depression of fourth sternite shallowly concave near midline, just anterior to median sternal groove; fourth through sixth episternites acutely angled posteriorly; seventh episternite broad, round; eighth sternite not visible between lateral margin of flexed second pleonal somite and fifth pereopod condyle; press-button just posterior to suture of third to fourth sternite. Pleon of male ( Fig. 1 I–K) with third through fifth somites fused; first somite lateral margins rounded, widest at articulation with carapace, narrowest at articulation with second somite; second somite narrowest proximally, widest distally near articulation with somite three; third somite widest at lateral flange; fused third through fifth somites narrowing distally, width at articulation with sixth somite half or less that at articulation with second somite, sutures between fused somites evident only as slight indentations on lateral margins; sixth somite lateral margins nearly parallel at most slightly convex proximally, swelling slightly near articulation with telson to accept press-button in- ternally; telson terminally rounded, widest near mid-length, distolateral margins slightly excavate to accommodate first gonopod. Pleon of female with first somite narrowing distally, widest at articulation with carapace, second somite with margins nearly parallel, slightly expanded distally; fourth somite widest, lateral margins rounded; fourth through sixth somites each tapering to articulation with the next, narrowest point at the articulation between sixth somite and telson; telson subtriangularly rounded. Male first gonopod (first pleopod) ( Fig. 1L) long, sinuous, reaching beyond sternal groove, tips exposed to either side of telson when abdomen flexed in mature; terminal apparatus superficially simple, appearing spatulate with sub-apical microspinulous spines. Male second gonopod (second pleopod) ( Fig. 1M) less than one-third length of first gonopod. Female mature gonopore broadly rounded medially, occupying more than half of anterior to posterior transverse width of sixth sternite, largely filled by rounded operculum attached laterally along slightly raised elongate lip, narrow opening to medial side strongly crescentic. Color. Primarily orange to dark orange or reddish brown patterned over whitish to very light orange background, carapace dorsally with broad intricately margined band of orange arched anteriorly from each branchial region, broadest and usually darkest medially where joined over gastric region, arch forming pattern like front of crown or tiara, usually with somewhat lighter medial extension posteriorly to cardiac region, bifurcated from intestinal region to posterior margin of carapace (Fig. 2A–D). Chelipeds dorsally orange, often darkest on ridges and tubercles, palms with light whitish bands distally, as well as on inner and ventral surfaces, fingers light to dark brown. Walking leg articles with broken bands of orange on whitish background, bands most obvious as orange patches on superior surfaces, usually with three such patches on meri, most proximal of which is smallest and often very diffuse to obsolete. Eggs on ovigerous females reddish magenta. Habitat. Abundant on offshore reefs and banks, especially in small cavities and interstices of eroded hard substrates as well as among sponges, bryozoans, corals, encrusting algae, and other epibiota of fouling communities. Confirmed depth records range from 58–143 m; some additional collections are from within sponges taken at depths estimated to be 200–300 m (Aransas Bank, TX). Size. The carapace ranges to a maximum of cw 7.0 mm, determined for the largest male among available collections. Juveniles of neither sex were definitively identifiable at less than cw 2.0 mm, though collections included some specimens of cw 1.6 mm that appear to represent the species. The smallest examined ovigerous female was cw 3.9 mm. Distribution. Middle to outer continental shelf waters of the northeastern to northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Etymology. The name "tiara" alludes to the reddish pattern that typically spans the dorsal carapace, the shape of which suggests the elevated front of a tiara or crown. Remarks. While it is at first glance easy to mistake fresh specimens of Guinope tiara n. gen, n. sp. for Garthiope barbadensis, the distinctive dorsal color pattern on the carapace in both sexes and the occurrence of ovigerous females at rather small sizes bearing clutches of bright reddish magenta eggs usually facilitate recognition, even before microscopic examination of the very diagnostic first gonopods. Among small regional xanthoid crabs, a similar dorsal color pattern is found only in some specimens of Scopolius nuttingii ( Rathbun, 1898), though it is in that case usually less ornately defined. Lacking knowledge of gene sequences, live coloration, or fine sculpture of mature male first gonopods, identification of Guinope tiara n. gen., n. sp. can be based upon other features in morphology, even though some characters for separations are difficult to quantify. Among other small, regionally distributed xanthoids that occur sympatrically with Guinope tiara n. gen., n. sp., the only (albeit provisionally assigned) confamilial) Melybia thalamita might be expected to resemble G. tiara n. gen., n. sp., but it is instead among the least likely to be confused with it. Melybia thalamita is immediately separated by its having the merus of pereopod 2 and 3 armed by a unique ventrodistally directed spine on the distal ¼ of the inferior margin, by the third maxilliped merus bearing a uniquely produced lobe on its anterolateral corner, and by strong differences in the carapacial outline ( Rathbun 1930; Williams 1984; Mendoza et al. 2012). Melybia also has a relatively broader fronto-orbital margin, relatively longer posterolateral margin, and much stronger development of its two largest anterolateral teeth into elongate hooked spines than in Guinope n. gen. In addition, the chelipeds in Melybia differ from those of Guinope n. gen. in being far more elongate and more heavily armed by elongate spines, with a much more elongate palm that itself bears a distinct row of enlarged spines along its superior margin, and otherwise has uniquely elongate spines arming the anterior (superoflexor) margin of the merus and inner (supero-internal) corner of the carpus. This markedly differs from the chelipeds in Guinope n. gen., which are much more typical of those in panopeid crabs. Guinope tiara n. gen., n. sp. can in turn be distinguished from Glyptoplax smithii, Milnepanopeus lobipes (A. Milne-Edwards, 1880), Panoplax depressa Stimpson, 1871, and Scopolius nuttingii, and? Micropanope pusilla A. Milne-Edwards, 1880 (the latter a questionable generic assignment) by its having superior margins on the meri of the walking legs armed by a defined row of well separated short but erect, distally directed, sometimes weakly hooked, spinules (as is also the case in
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