15,878 research outputs found
The Research of Comparison among Xiang Ceremony, Shi Ceremony and Yan Ceremony
No full text中國飲食禮儀起源甚早，典籍所載，最早而備者，即饗禮、食禮、燕禮。學者於三者之研究，與經學研究之歷史步趨一致，然論三者異同之專著，則付諸闕如。饗、食、燕三者屢見於先秦經籍，其相似、相異處甚多，若未予全面之比較研究，則其異同必泯焉而難識，此所以頗有謂饗、燕同者，亦有以饗為鄉飲酒者，皆未識三者異同之故。
凡禮之作，非儀式而已，且有禮意為之閫奧。欲知三者異同，首須究其禮意。筆者考尋經籍，復於前說汰蕪存菁，以為饗禮主敬，食禮主誠，而燕禮主歡，此三者禮意之大別。然亦有同焉者，食、燕所主異於饗，而非謂無敬也，見諸祭食與百拜矣；三者無不欲潔，見諸盤匜巾冪之備也。
禮意為禮儀之精蘊，然既稱「儀」，則見諸外者亦不得忽之。若三者之賓主、舉行地點、儀節、用樂等，欲見異同，詎可忽諸？故於賓主，則論三者身份之異同；於地點，則論廟、寢之殊；於儀節，則述其同者，若拜禮，若祭禮，而辨其異者，若饗有祼，燕有無算爵，食禮不為主人具饌等；於用樂，則論其異同之因，復論食禮用樂與否。既論儀節之異同矣，乃知與禮意之異同如響隨聲，益見古人制禮之精嚴。又，重構饗禮儀節，而與食、燕一一相較，見其所以為盛之故，且令饗禮之研究有所突破。
饗、食、 燕三者之輕重，學者論之已久，迄無定論。筆者研討前人之說，論其得失，復汲取社會學、人類學之觀點，以功能之說重論，知實不當強為三者序輕重，二千餘年之糾結，當可稍解矣。The origin of Chinese food culture starts in a very early history, according to the ancient books, Xiang ceremony, Shi ceremony and Yan ceremony are the first ones that have complete records. The records show that research of the three ceremonies started at about the same time with the study of the Chinese classics research. However, an in-depth research to compare the three is rarely found. Xiang, Shi and Yan Ceremony is commonly mentioned in the records dating back to the Chin dynasty, and there are a lot of similarities but also differences; if we do not have a full scale comparison of the three, it’s very likely to occur confusion. For example that’s why there’s a lot of saying that Xiang and Yan are the same ceremony or that Xiang Ceremony it was just a drinking ceremony with village scholars; these confusions are all caused by a lack a proper in-depth comparison researching the three ceremonies.
The ceremony is not only a ritual, but there’s also an inner meaning of courtesy for it. Therefore, to know the similarity and differences between the three, you have to know the inner meanings of them first. After searching and digesting among many ancient records, the author believes that the core meaning of Xiang Ceremony is “Respect”, for Shi Ceremony it is “Sincerity” and “Happiness” for Yang Ceremony; these are the major differences between the three. On the other hand, there are also some identical points; although the core meaning of Shi and Yang are different from Xiang, it does not mean that there is no respect in the first two, which you can actually find reference in the numerous times of paying obeisance to each other and food sacrifice records. Another identical point is the “Cleanness” in the three ceremonies which is reflected in the preparation of the tray, water-pouring pot and serviettes.
Although the courtesy meaning is the core and the essence of the ceremony, one can not ignore the external behavior of it. For example, the characteristics of the host and guest, the place where the ceremony is held, the ritual and the music played during the ceremony are also important to distinguish different ceremonies. The characteristics of the host and guest, explains the status of their position; for the place where it is held, there are different meanings between assembly hall and temple; for the ritual, the sacrifice and the obeisance are the same among the ceremonies, but the differences are the Guan ritual in Xiang ceremony, drinking wine without counting in Yan ceremony, and in Shi ceremony, they do not prepare foods for the host ; for the aspect of music, the cause for the music they played is also different; and there’s a dispute whether Shi Ceremony uses music or not. When discussing the rituals of the ceremonies, one should understand the underlying meaning of courtesy. Which in turn shows the thoroughly paced thoughts of the ancient people during the fabricating of the ceremonies. Also, by rebuilding the ritual of the Xiang Ceremony and to compare with Shi and Yang Ceremonies, one will know why it has flourished more and is well accepted by the public and also leads to a break through for the research of Xiang Ceremony.
There are already lots of unsettled disputes about which of the three ceremonies are more important. After searching across numerous references and combining the views of Sociology and Anthropology, the author believes that in terms of function, one should not force to rank the importance of the three, which in this way, should slightly resolve the arguments that have lasted for the past two thousand years
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Series of Blue Fluorescent 2,6-Linked 9,10-Diphenylanthrylenephenylene Copolymers and Their Application for Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes
No full text[[sponsorship]]化學研究所[[note]]已出版;[SCI];有審查制度;具代表性[[note]]http://gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Drexel&SrcApp=hagerty_opac&KeyRecord=0024-9297&DestApp=JCR&RQ=IF_CAT_BOXPLO
Globalization and China’s Economic and Financial Development
No full textThis paper surveys China’s globalization in terms of in and out flows of goods, capital, information/technology and people from both the Chinese and the Western, especially American, points of view. It includes a discussion of the issue of revaluation of the RMB.
Tecnologia de informação e a criatividade no desenvolvimento de produtos: um estudo de caso em grandes organizações
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção.Este estudo tem o objetivo geral de identificar o uso da tecnologia de informação nas etapas do processo criativo no desenvolvimento de produtos, a partir do estudo de multicasos em grandes empresas brasileiras. Sua importância decorre da crescente necessidade de criatividade nas organizações, especialmente em sua atividade de atender aos anseios dos clientes mediante o oferecimento de novos produtos. Deve-se considerar ainda como importante em função dos grandes volumes de recursos que vêm sendo investidos pelas organizações em Tecnologia de Informação, sem que no entanto sejam proporcionados todos os resultados possíveis, especialmente no que diz respeito ao estímulo à criatividade. Trata-se de um estudo teórico e empírico, em que foram estudados os casos de três organizações, tendo caráter exploratório e descritivo. As organizações foram selecionadas por acessibilidade, e os respondentes foram selecionados intencionalmente. As organizações foram a Weg, a Siemens e a Datasul, tendo sido aplicadas três entrevistas semi-estruturadas em cada uma delas. Os relatos foram analisados qualitativamente, resultando em um diagnóstico da utilização da TI no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos das três organizações. Constatou-se que todas elas utilizam quase em sua potencialidade a TI, no sentido de dar suporte ao desenvolvimento de produtos, havendo a possibilidade de estímulo à criatividade, em conformidade com as relações levantadas, entre a TI, a criatividade e o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos. Nenhuma das três empresas, entretanto, utiliza software de geração de idéias, o que poderia auxiliar na etapa de incubação, assim como foi observada a falta de ferramentas de TI para o registro de idéias fora do ambiente de trabalho, adoção de flexibilidade de horários e disponibilização de equipamentos para o trabalho fora do ambiente organizacional, e a dedicação do tempo disponibilizado pelo uso da TI, para o desenvolvimento da criatividade
Effects of anodic oxidation on the hydrogen absorption into Ti and its influence on electrodeposition of Cu
No full text학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 신소재공학과, 2004.8, [ v, 79 p. ]전해 동박 제조용 캐소드는 강한 황산 분위기와 접하고 있기 때문에 우수한 내식성을 필요로 하며, 구리의 전착 효율을 높이기 위하여 높은 전기 전도도를 가져야 한다. 따라서 현재 내식성이 우수하고 전기 전도도가 높은 Ti가 전해 동박 제조용 캐소드로 널리 응용되고 있다. 또한 Ti는 표면에 얇은 TiO2 층이 형성되어 구리 전해 도금 시 표면에 형성된 동박의 분리가 용이한 장점이 있다. 그러나 Ti 캐소드 사용시 황산 구리 용액 내에서 장시간 도금이 진행되면 인가되는 환원 분극 때문에 TiO2 층의 환원이 진행되어 산화 피막 두께가 감소하게 되고, Ti 캐소드 표면에서 수소가 발생한다. 이 때 발생한 수소의 일부가 Ti 표면에 흡착되어, Ti 수화물이 형성된다. 이는 Ti 캐소드 표면의 요철 증가를 야기하여 돌출부위에서 전류집중이 일어나 균일한 구리의 핵생성 및 성장이 어렵게 되고, 결국 도금 불량 및 동박의 변색이 나타나게 된다. 이러한 문제점 때문에 정기적으로 Ti 캐소드 표면을 연마하여 표면에 형성된 Ti 수화물 등을 제거하고 있으나, 회전음극드럼의 관리유지비용 및 불연속적인 동박 제조로 인하여 동박 원가 상승의 원인이 되고 있다. 따라서 동박 제조 업계에서는 장시간 연속 도금이 가능한 Ti 캐소드 개발이 시급한 실정이다.
현재 일본 등을 중심으로 열처리를 통한 Ti 미세 조직의 조절, 또는 Ti의 아노다이징 처리 등을 통하여 전해 동박 제조용 Ti 캐소드의 성능을 개선하는 방법이 연구되고 있다. Tomonaga 등은 Ti의 grain size가 작을수록, 초기 수소 함유량이 낮을수록 Ti 수화물의 형성이 억제되어 장시간 연속 도금이 가능할 것으로 보고하였다. 그러나 국내에서는 이에 관한 연구는 아직 미진한 실정이며, 전해 동박 제조시 Ti 캐소드 내 수소 흡착이 구리의 핵생성 및 성장에 미치는 영향 또한 명확히 규명된 바 없다.
본 연구에서는 Ti의 미세조직 조절 및 아노다이징을 통한 산화피막의 두께 조절 등을 통하여 기존의 Ti 캐소드 보다 장시간 연속 도금이 가능한 최적의 전해 동박 제조용 캐소드를 개발하고자 한다. 또한 Ti 캐소드내 수소 흡수가 구리의 핵생성 및 성장에 미치는 영향을 명확히 규명하고자 한다.한국과학기술원 : 신소재공학과
Writing a Wikipedia Article on Cultural Competence in Health Care
No full textThis article describes how librarians created a Wikipedia article on cultural competence in health care to support the medical school’s curriculum. Wikipedia, often considered not as reliable as scholarly articles, continues to be popular. Rutgers librarians conducted a Wikipedia project to improve its content to benefit students. The importance of cultural competency in health care is widely recognized due to increasingly diverse patient populations. Medical schools integrate cultural competency in curricula to train students to be culturally competent. Therefore, this topic was chosen for the Wikipedia Project. It is hoped that health sciences librarians and educators will benefit from their experience
The Role of Retail Sector in Agricultural Food System in Taiwan
No full textSince supermarkets and retail outlets (retail sector) have became more important to our life, especially in purchasing fresh food. This thesis is going to connect the relationship between retail sector and agricultural production and trade and evaluate the efficiency performance of the retail sector. In Chapter 1, the research motivations, research goal, methods and data are introduced here. In chapter 2, we introduced the general market condition for retail market, general merchandise and retail sector so that we could understand the industry characteristic of supermarkets and retail outlets. Background of retail sector was also portrayed in this chapter to show the industry trend consisting of development history, leading firms, foreign domestic investment and consumers’ purchasing behaviors. Chapter 3 present a causality test for proving our null hypothesis therefore we took sales of supermarkets and retail outlets, production value of vegetable and fruit and livestock on the measure of test. The second hypothesis is the relevant linkage between value of agricultural import (vegetable and fruit, livestock) and sales of retail sector. Chapter 4 specifies the census data used in the work and calculation of firms’ efficiency performance and then analyzes the empirical results. Why in chapter 4 this article chose to analyze the efficiency performance of retail sector? Because retail sector market in Taiwan with rapid growth has been matured actually, efficiency performance became an important factor to select a firm which is going to survive or not in Taiwanese retail sector market. To be more competitive in retail sector market, efficiency performance may be a key for surviving. We also compare the competitiveness of supermarket and retail outlet due to the similarity of the industry characteristic. Without doubts, in the end, the purchasing strategies of retail sector will influence production of fresh food since retail sector has been more important in food marketing system than ever. In the last chapter, chapter 5, we make conclusion with some remarks along with some implications for future policy made.Table of contents
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………1
1.1 Research Motivation………………………………………………1
1.2 Research Method and Data………………………………………….2
2. Trend and fact in Taiwan food retail market……………….......................5
2.1 Macroeconomic Situation and Overview of Retail Market and
General merchandise………………………………………………...5
2.2 Background of Supermarkets………………………………………15
2.3 Background of Retail outlets……………………………………….18
2.4 Extent of Foreign vs. Domestic Investment in the Retail Market….19
2.5 Trend of Consumers Behaviors-Consumer Focus on Health and
Diet-Driven Growth………………………………………………..21
3. Causality Test Related Retail Sector by Agricultural Production
and Trade……………………………………………………...........23
4. Firm Level Analysis…………………………………………..................28
4.1 Data Envelopment Analysis………………………………………..30
4.2 The Source and Characteristic of Data…..…………………………35
4.3 The Result of Empirical Illustration………………………………..39
5. Conclusion: Policy Implications………………………………………...53
Reference…………………………………………………………………...55
Appendix…………………………………………………………………...60
List of Table
Table 1 The Development of General Merchandise……………………………….7
Table 2 Sales and Annual Growth Rate of General Merchandise-by Industry…...11
Table 3 Background of main supermarkets with FDI, 1981-1990……………….17
Table 4 Ranking of the Main Supermarket, 1999-2003………………………….17
Table 5 The Leading Retail Outlets in Taiwan, 1999-2003……………………...19
Table 6 FDI in Retail Market……………………………………………………..20
Table 7 The Results of Unidirectional Causality Test of Agricultural Production.26
Table 8 The Result of Unidirectional Causality Test of Agricultural Import……..27
Table 9 Net Sale of Supermarket and Retail Outlet, 1990-2003…………………28
Table 10-1 Operating Conditions of Supermarket, 2001…………………………36
Table 10-2 Operating Conditions of Supermarket, 2001…………………………36
Table 10-3 Operating Conditions of Supermarket, 2001…………………………37
Table 11-1 Operating Conditions of Supermarket, 2001…………………………38
Table 11-2 Operating Conditions of Supermarket, 2001…………………………38
Table 11-3 Operating Conditions of Retail Outlet, 2001…………………………39
Table 12 Literature Review of Input and Output of Retail Efficiency
Performance……………………………………………………………..41
Table 13 Input and Output Variables of DEA Model – Supermarkets…………...43
Table 14 The Correlation of Input and Output Variables – Supermarkets……….43
Table 15 Result of Supermarkets’ Efficiency Performance……………………...44
Table 16 Result of Efficiency Performance of Four Regions……………………45
Table 17 ANOVA Result of Efficiency Performance……………………………48
Table 18 Correlation of Input and Output of Retail Outlet………………………49
Table 19 Result of Retail Outlets’ Efficiency Performance……………………..49
Table 20 Result of Efficiency Performance of Retail Sector…………………….51
Table 21 Result of One-way ANOVA Test……………………………………...52
Appendix 1 the Original Data of Input and Output of Supermarkets……….........60
Appendix 2 the Original Data of Input and Output of Retail Outlets……….........63
Appendix 3-1 The Result of Supermarkets’ Efficiency Performance, the Southern
Region…………………………………………………………….64
Appendix 3-2 The Result of Supermarkets’ efficiency Performance, the Middle Region…………………………………………………………….65
Appendix 3-3 The Result of Supermarkets’ Efficiency Performance, the Northern Region…………………………………………………………….66
Appendix 3-4 The Result of Supermarkets’ Efficiency Performance, the Eastern Region…………………………………………………………….67
Appendix 4 The result of retail outlets’ efficiency performance…………………68
Appendix 5-1 The Result of Whole Retail Sector, the Southern Supermarkets….69
Appendix 5-2 The result of whole retail sector, the Middle supermarkets……….70
Appendix 5-3 The result of whole retail sector, the Northern supermarkets……..71
Appendix 5-4 The result of whole retail sector, the Eastern supermarkets……....72
Appendix 5-5 The Result of retail Outlet Efficiency Performance……................73
Appendix 6 The Original Data for Causality Test……..........................................74
List of Figure
Figure 1 The Combination of Retail Market in Taiwan……………………………6
Figure 2 Trend in Retail Market, General Merchandise and Retail Sector, 1999-2004………………………………………………………………...7
Figure 3 Trend of Retail Market and General Merchandise, 1994-2004………….8
Figure 4 The Trend of Individual Catalogs of General Merchandise, 1999-2004...9
Figure 5 the Market Share of Individual Catalog of General Merchandise, 1994-2004……………………………………………………………….12
Figure 6 The Composition of Supermarket Sales, Taiwan……………………….12
Figure 7 Split of Shopping Occasions between Modern and Traditional outlets...15
Figure 8 FDI to Retail Market in Taiwan, 1952-2003……………………………21
Figure 9: Technical Efficiency in Input-oriented Measures……………………...32
Figure 10 Scale Efficiency in Input-oriented Measures………………………….34
Figure 11 Efficiency Performances of Four Regions…………………………….46
Figure 12 Efficiency Performances of Supermarkets and Retail outlets…………5
Formation of bubbles in a microfluidic flow-focusing device
No full text本研究利用玻璃及聚二甲基矽氧烷(Polydimethylsiloxane，簡稱PDMS)製成寬度為100 μm之矩型疏水性(Hydrophobic)流道，將空氣作為分離相之唯一流體，連續相流體則為純水及不同濃度之甘油、乙醇及界面活性劑-十二烷基硫酸鈉(sodium dodecyl sulfate，簡稱SDS)之水溶液，利用十字聚焦之氣泡產生機制並藉由液氣二相流率比的控制，觀察在僅改變單一參數下(黏度、表面張力及界面分子效應)氣泡大小及成形之拉伸變化。利用毛細數(capillary number, Ca)及歐氏數(Ohnesorge number, Oh)來區分氣泡於疏水性流道之流態，當Ca < 0.0045時為非濕潤性氣泡；0.0045 < Ca < 0.007為過渡區域；Ca > 0.0070時為濕潤性氣泡。拉伸變化於非濕潤區域時將隨著流率比之增加而出現第一峰值，利用毛細數與流率比之乘積可得其值約為0.0025，當流率比增加至過渡區域當下將產生第二峰值，且兩峰值將隨著歐氏數線性增加並於Oh = 0.0370而重合，而進入濕潤性區域後之氣泡大小及拉伸長度將逐漸穩定，最後將不再隨流率比而改變，而拉伸長度主要由黏滯性所主導，與表面張力較無關係。氣泡大小於非濕潤區域時將隨著流率比之增加而大幅減小，進入濕潤區域後將逐漸平緩，最後氣泡大小將維持定值，且不同連續相液體將產生不同氣泡大小之變化，即氣泡大小將隨著黏度增加而減小且同樣隨著表面張力降低而減小。 除了實驗外，本研究利用模擬軟體-Fluent在同樣控制連續相液體參數的條件下進行分析，但由於氣泡與壁面之接觸角為動態接觸角，而動態接觸角將隨氣泡傳輸速度而改變，因此僅能定性分析氣泡流動之流態。 最後，利用毛細數將疏水性流道之流態進行分界，以利於低流速也可達到濕潤之效果，減少氣泡與壁面接觸所產生之不穩定，可有效的應用於電子晶片散熱及燃料電池之效率提升。In this paper, liquid/gas flows were investigated in hydrophobic microchannels with square cross-section of 100 x 100 μm made of glass and PDMS. Liquid and gas were mixed in flow-focusing device in way to generate monodisperse gaseous bubbles. Air bubbles were produced in glycerol-water, ethanol-water and water with concentrations of surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Flow morphologies were obtained by using Ca-Oh diagram. This diagram shown that the non-wetting region occurred at about Ca < 0.0045, the transition region occurred at about 0.0045 < Ca < 0.0070, and the wetting region occurred at about Ca > 0.0070. The experimental data of the bubbles size and elongated length were correlated as a function of the width of the microchannels, the ratio of the liquid/gas flow rates and the capillary number. The bubbles elongated length appeared first peak in non-wetting region could be predicted by the flow rates ratio of liquid and gas phases and the capillary number. Bubbles elongated length and size finally stable in wetting region occurred at about Ca > 0.0075. The bubbles size decreased rapidly in non-wetting region and decreased smoothly in wetting region. The bubbles size decreased with the increased of the viscosity and decreased with the decrease of the surface tension of liquid phase. Additionally, we also used a commercial software, Fluent, to analysis bubble formation. In Fluent, equilibrium contact angle is used as a boundary condition, however, the contact angle in the present experiment may be changed by the velocity of bubble, thus we can only analyzed the bubble formation qualitatively. Finally, the experimental results shown that the wetting bubbles would exist at low flow rates ratio which decreased the instability between the wall and the bubbles, and could be applied in fuel cells and heat dissipation of electronic equipment
DOS-Ti-25Ta.dat from Effect of Ag alloying and trace precipitation on corrosion resistance of Ti-Ta-Ag ternary alloy
No full textThis work systematically analysed the electrochemical and corrosion behaviour of Ti-Ta-Ag ternary alloy samples in Hank's solution. For the samples with 1.5% and 3% Ag content, the sintering temperature increased from 750 to 950°C, and the corresponding corrosion resistance increased by 100 times due to the increased alloying of Ag; meanwhile for the sample with 4.5% Ag content, the sintering temperature increased from 750 to 950°C, and the corresponding corrosion resistance decreased by six times due to the increased precipitation of Ag. These tests prove that the Ag alloying is beneficial to the enhancement of the corrosion resistance of Ti-Ta-Ag ternary alloy, but the Ag trace precipitation has the opposite effect. A series of electrochemical characterizations and density functional theory calculations explain the mechanism of the above phenomenon. Ag alloying can promote the formation of uniform, complete, dense, stable and thick passivation layer on the surface of Ti-Ta-Ag ternary alloy, which makes Ti-Ta-Ag ternary alloy uniformly corroded without pitting. In addition, Ag alloying can effectively reduce the contact resistance of the solid–liquid interface. However, the trace precipitation of Ag plays the opposite role to the above effect
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