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Preparation and characterization of microwave–assisted activated carbons from biomass and application for the removal of Emerging Organic Contaminants (EOCs) in aqueous media
Get PDFIn this thesis activated carbons from lignocellulosic biomass were prepared via microwave– assisted pyrolysis, characterized and applied into the removal of Emerging Organic Contaminants (EOCs) in aqueous media. A scientific understanding of the three-step preparation of activated carbons (AC) using first-row transition metals as activating agents by microwaves heating is also provided. The mixtures obtained after preparation step were pyrolysed in a microwave system in less than 11 min. Afterwards a 6 mol L-1 HCl was used to treat the pyrolysed materials, under reflux, to eliminate the inorganic components—producing activated carbons. This technology allows producing activated carbons with high porosity. Elemental analysis, FTIR, UV-Vis DRS, SEM, N2 adsorption/desorption curves, TGA, XRD Xray fluorescence, pHzpc, hydrophobic properties, total acidity and basicity groups were used to characterise biomass, intermediary materials and activated carbons. Results showed that the metals were bound successfully in different amounts with surface functional groups of the wood biomass through ion exchange and surface complexation interaction during the impregnation step. However, MWAC prepared with Zn2+ showed higher pore volumes and surface areas, which was related to their high adsorption capacity (qe). The samples prepared with the mixtures biomass: inorganic components (20% lime + 80% ZnCl2 or 20% lime + 40% ZnCl2 + 40% FeCl3) at different ratios were used for the complete adsorption study of phenol (PhOH) and o-cresol from aqueous solution. Results indicated that adsorption kinetic was very fast and equilibrium contact time was attained in the first 10 min for both molecules. Pseudo first-order, pseudo-second order and Avrami fractional-order kinetic models were used to probe the kinetic of adsorption. Among the three models; Avrami fractional-order kinetic model best described the adsorption kinetics of PhOH and o-cresol onto the activated carbons. The main interaction of PhOH or o-cresol with the activated carbons should be governed by hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, polar interactions and electron donor-acceptor interaction. While desorption experiment showed that activated carbons can be regenerated easily using a mixture of EtOH (10 or 50%) + NaOH (5 M). Additionally, MWAC prepared with CuCl2, CoCl2 and NiCl2 also exhibited high adsorption capacity. The adsorption order of the molecules is as shown: 2-nitro phenol > Bisphenol A > hydroquinone > 4-nitro phenol > 2-naphtol > paracetamol > caffeine > resorcinol. However, ZnCl2 demonstrate to be the best activating agent, which allows for the development of materials of high porosity as well as good adsorptive properties, and this trend is followed subsequently by CuCl2, CoCl2, and NiCl2.Nesta tese, carvões ativos (AC) oriundos de biomassa lignocelulósica foram preparados por pirólise assistida por microondas, caracterizados e aplicados na remoção de contaminantes orgânicos emergentes (EOCs) em meio aquoso. Foram estudadas as três etapas da preparação dos carvões ativos utilizando metais de transição como agentes de ativação. As misturas obtidas após a etapa de preparação foram pirolisadas num sistema de microondas em menos de 11 min. Em seguida, utilizou-se uma solução de HCl 6 mol L-1 para tratar os materiais pirolisados, sob refluxo, lixiviando os componentes inorgânicos e produzindo os carvões ativos. Esta tecnologia permitiu a produção de carvões ativos com alta porosidade. Análise elementar, FTIR, DR-UV, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, adsorção-dessorção de nitrogênio, TGA, DRX, FRX, pHpzc, propriedades hidrofóbicas e acidez e basicidade totais foram utilizados para a caracterização da biomassa, do material pirolisado e dos carvões ativos. Os resultados indicaram que os metais foram ligados em diferentes quantidades na superfície da biomassa através de interação iônica e interação de complexação superficial, durante a etapa de impregnação. Os carvões ativos (MWAC) obtidos a partir da impregnação com Zn2+ apresentaram maior volume de poros e maior área superficial específica. Esses dados foram relacionados com a capacidade de adsorção. Amostras preparadas com as misturas de biomassa : componentes inorgânicos em diferentes proporções (20% de cal+ 80% de ZnCl2 ou 20% de cal+ 40% de ZnCl2 + 40% de FeCl3) foram utilizadas para o estudo completo de adsorção de fenol (PhOH) e o-cresol. Os resultados indicaram que a cinética de adsorção para ambas as moléculas foi rápida e o tempo de contato em equilíbrio foi alcançado nos primeiros 10 minutos. Os modelos cinéticos de pseudo-primeira ordem, pseudo-segunda ordem e de ordem fracionária de Avrami foram utilizados para investigar a cinética de adsorção. Destes três modelos, o de ordem fracionária de Avrami descreveu melhor a cinética de adsorção de PhOH e o-cresol na superficie dos cavões ativos. As principais interações de PhOH ou o-cresol com os materias devem ser regida por interações hidrófóbicas, ligações de hidrogênio, interações polares e interação doadores e aceitadores de elétrons. Os estudos de dessorção mostraram que os carvões ativos podem ser regenerados facilmente utilizando-se uma mistura de EtOH (10 ou 50%) + NaOH (5 M). Além disso, o MWAC preparado com CuCl2, CoCl2 e NiCl2 também apresentou alta capacidade de adsorção. As capacidades de adsorção (qe) das moléculas seguiram esta ordem: 2-nitrofenol > bisfenol A > hidroquinona > 4-nitrofenol > 2-naftol > paracetamol > cafeína > resorcinol. Todavia, ZnCl2 parece ser o melhor agente ativador, permitindo o desenvolvimento de materiais de alta porosidade, bem como boas propriedades de adsorção, e essa tendência é seguida posteriormente por CuCl2, CoCl2 e NiCl2
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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