312 research outputs found
FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED-Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Plays a Dual Role in Regulating Type I MADS-Box Genes in Early Endosperm Development
No full textEarly endosperm development presents a unique system in which to uncover epigenetic regulatory mechanisms because the contributing maternal and paternal genomes possess differential epigenetic modi?cations. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the initiation of endosperm coenocytic growth upon fertilization and the transition to endosperm cellularization are regulated by the FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT SEED (FIS)-Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), a putative H3K27 methyltransferase. Here, we address the possible role of the FIS-PRC2 complex in regulating the type I MADS-box gene family, which has been shown previously to regulate early endosperm development. We show that a subclass of type I MADS-box genes (C2 genes) was expressed in distinct domains of the coenocytic endosperm in wild-type seeds. Furthermore, the C2 genes were mostly up-regulated biallelically during the extended coenocytic phase of endosperm development in the FIS-PRC2 mutant background. Using allele-speci?c expression analysis, we also identi?ed a small subset of C2 genes subjected to FIS-PRC2-dependent maternal or FIS-PRC2-independent paternal imprinting. Our data support a dual role for the FIS-PRC2 complex in the regulation of C2 type I MADS-box genes, as evidenced by a generalized role in the repression of gene expression at both alleles associated with endosperm cellularization and a specialized role in silencing the maternal allele of imprinted genes
Comparing 31 European Countries’ Responses to the Covid-19 Crisis
No full textBased on an author survey among the contributors to the preceding 31 country chapters, the conclusion summarises European governments’ responses to the pandemic by examining if variations in the handling of the pandemic reflect geographic South, East, North, and West cleavages. These cleavages largely correspond to different levels of affluence, economic distributional legacies, and democratic embeddedness highlighted as structural determinants of response patterns by the already substantial Covid-19 policy literature. Variations in the policy responses and dynamics of politicization are mapped and discussed. It is assessed which actors were empowered and disempowered in the policy process and if the mode of interaction between actors was altered compared to normal policymaking. Finally, the impacts on national political systems are appraised
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The World Trade Organization and financial stability: the balance between liberalisation and regulation in the GATs
No full textThe WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services and its Annex on Financial Services provide the international legal framework for the regulation of cross-border trade in financial services. This paper analyses some of the main provisions of the GATS and the Annex on Financial Services to determine its impact on domestic financial regulation and whether the GATS framework can achieve its objectives of liberalising international trade in financial services while allowing states to maintain adequate domestic regulatory institutions. The paper argues that the GATS provides a flexible framework for states to negotiate liberalisation commitments while allowing sufficient domestic regulatory authority to achieve financial stability objectives. The extent to which states can depart from their GATS obligations to achieve regulatory objectives has become the source of academic debate and policy interest. Although the WTO has played little or no role in the financial regulation debate, the GATS contains certain disciplines that could potentially have significant implications for limiting regulatory discretion over financial markets. The paper suggests that the Doha Development Agenda should address some of these issues as they relate to the regulation of cross-border trade in financial services. The role of the WTO in this area raises important issues regarding the institutional design of financial regulation and related issues of global financial governance
'Globalisering er ikke en ensrettet gade' - Interview med Ulrich Beck
No full textInterview med professor i sociologi ved Ludwig-Ma¬ximilians-Universitetet i München, Ulrich Beck, der er en af de vigtigste stemmer i genopdagelsen af kosmopolitismen og i at formulere et politisk svar på globaliseringen. Interviewet diskuterer Becks vigtigste begreber og hans syn på EU som et kosmopolitisk projek
Functional interactions between the Forkhead transcription factor FOXK1 and the MADS-box protein SRF
No full textThe combinatorial control of gene expression by the association of members of different families of transcription factors is a common theme in eukaryotic transcriptional control. The MADS-box transcription factors SRF and Mcm1 represent paradigms for such regulation through their interaction with numerous partner proteins. For example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mcm1 interacts with the forkhead transcription factor Fkh2. Here, we identify a novel interaction between SRF and the Forkhead transcription factor FOXK1 in human cells. The importance of this interaction is shown for the regulation of the SRF target genes SM α-actin and PPGB. The binding of FOXK1 to the SM α-actin and PPGB promoters requires the presence of SRF on the promoter. FOXK1 acts as a transcriptional repressor and it represses SM α-actin and PPGB expression. Thus FOXK1 represents an additional member of the growing repertoire of transcription factors that can interact with SRF and modulate the transcriptional output from SRF-regulated promoters. © 2007 The Author(s)
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