35 research outputs found
Preliminary Design of Acetate Cellulose Factory from Empty Palm Oil Bunches Through Acetic Acid Process With a Capacity of 52,000 Tons/Year
No full textThe preliminary design of a cellulose acetate production plant from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) using the acetic acid process is planned with a capacity of 52,000 tons/year and will operate for 330 days per year. The amount of EFB required is 9,767.56 kg/hour.
The production process in this preliminary plant design consists of four main stages: preparation of EFB as raw material, pulping and bleaching, acetylation followed by neutralization and hydrolysis, and finally the purification of cellulose acetate. During the production process, saturated steam is used at 4,122.414 kg/hour, cooling water requirements are 14,294.929 kg/hour, electricity consumption is 347.54 kW, and fuel consumption is 92.17 kg/hour.
The plant is planned to be located on Jalan Suak Lanjut, Siak Subdistrict, Siak Regency, Riau, with a total land area requirement of 20,834.88 m². The plant will employ 224 personnel, and the chosen business entity is a Limited Liability Company (PT) with a line and staff organizational structure.
The economic analysis results of the preliminary design of the cellulose acetate plant from EFB are as follows:
1. Capital Investment (CI) = Rp3,487,222,751,057
2. Total Cost (TC) = Rp5,898,502,599,782
3. Profit Margin (PM) = 12.74%
4. Break Even Point (BEP) = 40.17%
5. Return on Investment (ROI) = 15.26%
6. Pay Out Time (POT) = 6.55 years
7. Return on Network (RON) = 25.43%
8. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) = 17.91%
Based on the economic analysis, it can be concluded that the preliminary design of the cellulose acetate production plant from EFB with a capacity of 52,000 tons/year is feasible to establish.494 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Preliminary Design for the Production of Disproportionated Resin from Merkusii Pine Resin Using Dehydrogenation Reaction with Palladium Carbon Catalyst Capacity 2,500 Tons/Year
No full textDisproportionated Rosin (DPR) is rosin that undergoes a catalytic reaction to remove conjugated double bonds, thus enhancing its stability. The primary goal of this factory design is to apply chemical engineering principles and provide initial information for designing a Disproportionated Rosin production plant. This pre-design for a Disproportionated Rosin plant utilizes Pinus merkusii gum through a dehydrogenation reaction with a palladium-carbon catalyst, with a production capacity of 2,500 tons per year. The main process in the pre-design consists of five stages: raw material preparation, raw material separation, reaction formation, product separation and purification, and raw material recycling. The plant is planned to be established in the Kendal Special Economic Zone, Kendal Regency, Central Java, covering an area of 6,900 m². A total of 195 workers will be required, and the business entity will be a Limited Liability Company (PT) managed by a director with a line-and-staff organizational structure. The required investment capital for the establishment and operation of the factory is IDR 298,872,825,337, with production costs amounting to IDR 254,749,017,737. Based on the feasibility analysis, the factory has a break-even point (BEP) of 40.78%, a return on investment (ROI) of 22.57%, a payback period (POT) of 4 years and 5 months, a return on net worth (RON) of 37.61%, and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 25.85%. From the economic analysis, it can be concluded that the pre-design for the Disproportionated Rosin plant from Pinus merkusii gum through the dehydrogenation reaction with a palladium-carbon catalyst is feasible for establishment.564 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Preliminary Design of Propylene from Butadiene and Ethylene Using Metathesis Reaction with a Capacity of 100,000 Ton/Year
No full textPropylene is a chemical compound that is widely used in the chemical industry and human life. Propylene is widely used in the manufacture of intermediates. The most widely known derivatives of propylene are polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, cumene/phenol, oxo alcohols, acrylic acid, isopropyl alcohol, and oligomers. The pre-design of the Propylene manufacturing plant is designed with a production capacity of 100,000 Tons/Year using Raffinate-1 and Ethylene as raw materials. In this factory design, there are four main processes, namely raw material preparation, reaction process, product separation process, and by-product processing. The products produced in this factory design are Ethylene, propylene, n-butane and 2-butane. The company in this pre-design is planned to be a Limited Liability Company (PT) using a line and staff organizational structure. The number of workers in this factory is 243 people. The factory location is planned in Cikoneng, Anyar District, Indonesia with a factory area of 12,840 m2. To establish and operate the factory requires investment capital of IDR 5,698,204,472,008 and production costs of IDR 2,984,268,830,196. Based on the feasibility analysis, this factory has a BEP of 36.46%, ROI of 20.66%, POT of 2.53 years, RON of 34% and IRR of 17.83%. From the results of the economic analysis, it can be concluded that the design of a factory for making Propylene from Butadiene and Ethylene using this metathesis reaction is feasible to be established.508 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Preliminary Design of Furfuryl Alcohol Plant from Furfural and Hydrogen with Catalytic Hydrogenation Process and Purification by Vacuum Distillation with Capacity of 3,000 Tons/Year
No full textThis preliminary design of a furfuryl alcohol production plant from furfural and hydrogen via the Catalytic Hydrogenation process has a production capacity of 3,000 tons per year, operating for 330 days annually. The main processes in this plant design consist of three stages: raw material preparation, reaction, and product purification. The reaction stage utilizes a fixed bed multitube reactor operating at 135°C and 1.1 atm pressure with copper chromite as the catalyst. The furfural required to achieve the production capacity of 3,000 tons of furfuryl alcohol per year is 374.4890 kg/hour. The furfuryl alcohol production plant using Catalytic Hydrogenation is planned to be established in Cilegon, Banten, with a total factory area of 17,648.4 m². The planned corporate form is a Limited Liability Company (PT) with a line and staff organizational structure and a total workforce of 180 employees. The economic analysis of this plant design includes a Capital Investment (CI) of Rp 256,378,536,642, Total Cost of Rp 142,749,436,860, Sales Revenue of Rp 242,645,850,000, Net Profit of Rp 61,992,035,114, Profit Margin (PM) of 39.11%, Break Even Point (BEP) of 43.07%, Return on Investment (ROI) of 24.18%, Return on Network (RON) of 40.68%, Pay Out Time (POT) of 4 years and 1 month, and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 25.75%. Based on the economic analysis results, it can be concluded that establishing a furfuryl alcohol production plant from furfural using the Catalytic Hydrogenation process with a production capacity of 3,000 tons/year is feasible.495 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Pre-Design of Factory for Making Sodium Tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10) from Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) and Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) with Classic Process Capacity 74,700 Tons/Year
No full textSodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) is a product derived from phosphate
which has the molecular formula Na5P3O10 and is generally used as a builder in
detergents, dishwashing soap, and handwashing soap.
The pre-designed factory for making STPP from sodium carbonate and
phosphoric acid is planned to have a capacity of 74,700 tons/year and operate for
330 days a year. The reaction that occurs begins with a neutralization reaction in a
neutralization reactor which produces a mixture of orthophosphate. Then in the
dehydration reactor (spray dryer) a reaction occurs between the orthophosphate
mixture to produce a solid mixture of pyrophosphate. The final reaction in the rotary
kiln, the pyrophosphate mixture is condensed by calcination to obtain the final
product in the form of STPP.
The factory location is planned in Kesambenwetan Village, Driyorejo
District, Gresik Regency, East Java. The land area required is 31,748 m2 with a
workforce of 300 people.
The results of the economic analysis of this STPP factory are as follows:
Capital Invesment : Rp. 3.041.884.912.346,-
Production Cost : Rp. 2.086.203.965.482,-
Total Sales : Rp. 2.689.199.948.160,-
Net Profit : Rp. 420.041.701.936,-
Profit Margin (PM) : 22,311 %
Break Even Point (BEP) : 36,190 %
Return on Investment (ROI) : 13,809 %
Pay Out Time (POT) : 7 years 2 month
Return on Network (RON) : 23,014 %
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) : 13,594 %
From the results of the economic aspect analysis, it can be concluded that a
factory making STPP from phosphoric acid and sodium carbonate using the
classical process is feasible to be established.551 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Pre-Design of a Plant for Producing Bioethanol from Empty Palm Fruit Bunches Capacity 95,000tons/Year with Acid Hydrolysis and Fermentation Process: Product Purification by Adsorption Method
No full textBioethanol is a type of biofuel (liquid fuel from plant processing). Bioethanol is
ethanol produced from the fermentation of glucose followed by a distillation process. One
of the biomass materials used to make bioethanol is empty oil palm bunches. The process
commonly used in producing bioethanol is fermentation. In the preliminary design of a
bioethanol manufacturing plant from empty oil palm bunches, The planned production
capacity is 95,000 tons/year with a factory process duration of 336 working days in one
year. After conducting a selection study and production process scenario for making
bioethanol, the stages of the process in making bioethanol can be detailed as follows: Raw
material preparation process; Hydrolysis process; Fermentation process; Purification
process. The design of the main process equipment specified in the pre-design of the
bioethanol manufacturing plant, namely: Delignification Reactor, Reactor Temperatur 120
oC; Reactor Pressure 1 atm. Hydrolysis Reactor, Reactor Temperature 120 oC; Reactor
Pressure 1 atm. Fermentation Reactor, Reactor Temperature 30 oC; Reactor Pressure 1
atm. Molecular Sieve, Temperature 51 oC; Pressure1 atm631 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
al-Misbāh fī al-Nahw By Nāsir al-Dīn al-Mutarrizī al-Nahwī (d. 610/1213) A Critical Edition of the Text with the Life History of the Author
Get PDFNāsir al-Dīn al-Mutarrizī al-Nahwī (d.610/1213) was one of the most renowned figures in the field of Arabic Grammar. He has left an indelible mark on the world of Arabic language and literature. He is also known as the successor of al-Zamakhsharī.
He wrote a number of books but his al-Misbāh fī al-Nahw gained prominence at a level that no other book in this field could claim to achieve. For this reason, a great number of commentaries have been written in every age, of which the most famous are al-Daw and Khulāsat al-I‘rāb written by Tāj al-Dīn al-Isfrā’īnī and ‘Abd al- Karīm al-Tūsī (better known as Hājjī Bābā) respectively. Moreover, its translation into other languages also demonstrates its value as a useful book.
Although al-Misbāh has been edited on more than one occasion, the published editions do not fulfil the needs and requirements of modern academic research criteria. The basic aim of this thesis is to present this book with a current modern research style so that the students, teachers and ordinary readers of Arabic language and literature may benefit from this work.
This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the life history of the author and his other works. A brief note of the environment under which he grew up (generally referred to as the ‘Seljuk’ period) is also included in this part.
The second part consists of a text edition that deals with the derivation (Takhrīj) of syntactical issues together with the differing opinions of grammarians on syntactical/grammatical issues. This part also proffers the idiomatic English translation of al-Misbāh
Makna Kadhib dalam QS. Ali Imran [3]: 94 Perspektif Tafsir Fath al-Qadir Karya al-Shawkani
No full textAbstractThis article explicitly reveals the meaning of "kadhib" in QS. A<li Imra>n [3]: 94 from the perspective of the Fath al-Qadir interpretation. This is based on the background that the term regarding lying is an interesting discussion, fundamentally conducted for hidden purposes that can only be known by the individual themselves. This research employs a descriptive analytical method through literature review with relevant and credible sources such as books, journals, theses, and others. Before exploring the content of the Quran, the author discusses the biography of al-Shawkani and the profile of his tafsir book. The results of this study indicate that the context of QS. A<li Imra>n [3]: 94, according to the Fath al-Qadir interpretation, is actualized in relation to the characteristics of the Jewish people. Although not specifically explained, al-Shawkani interprets the word "kadhib" in QS. A<li Imra>n [3]: 94 as a lie committed intentionally, and the implications of his statement lean more towards an element of inconsistency with the essence behind reality.Keywords: Kadhib; QS. A<li Imra>n [3]: 94; Tafsir Fath} al-Qadi>r. AbstrakArtikel ini mengungkap secara eksplisit tentang makna kadhib dalam QS. A<li Imra>n [3]: 94 perspektif tafsir Fath} al-Qadi>r. Hal ini diambil melalui latar belakang bahwa terma perihal berbohong menjadi salah satu pembahasan menarik, yang pada dasarnya dilakukan atas dasar tujuan tersembunyi dan tidak dapat diketahui selain dirinya sendiri. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis melalui penelusuran pustaka dengan sumber yang relevan dan kredibel seperti buku, jurnal, skripsi, dan lainnya. Sebelum mengeksplorasi isi Al-Qur'an, penulis membahas biografi al-Shawkani dan profil kitab tafsirnya. Hasil penelitian ini adalah konteks pada QS. A<li Imra>n [3]: 94, menurut tafsir Fath} al-Qadi>r, diaktualisasikan kepada sifat kaum Yahudi. Meskipun tidak dijelaskan secara spesifik, al-Shawkani memaknai kata kadhib dalam QS. A<li Imra>n [3]: 94 dengan kebohongan yang dilakukan secara sengaja dan implikasi pernyataannya lebih mengarah kepada unsur ketidaksesuaian terhadap hakikat dibalik realitas. Kata Kunci: Kadhib; QS. A<li Imra>n [3]: 94; Tafsir Fath} al-Qadi>r.This article reveals explicitly the meaning of kadhib in QS. Ali Imran [3]: 94 perspectives on the tafsir Fath al-Qadir. This is taken from the background that the term about lying becomes one of the interesting discussions, which is basically carried out on the basis of hidden goals and cannot be known other than oneself. The research method in this article uses descriptive analysis obtained through library research, with relevant and reliable sources, such as books, journals, theses, dissertations, and so on. Before getting as detailed an understanding as possible, the author first describes the biography of al-Shawkani and the profile of his commentary. Implicitly, of course, so reflective, because it aims to systematically find out the context as well as the contents contained in the Al-Qur'an. The result of this research is the context in QS. Ali Imran [3]: 94, according to the tafsir Fath al-Qadir, is actualized to the nature of the Jews. Although not specifically explained, al-Shawkani interprets the word kadhib in QS. Ali Imran [3]: 94 with lies that are done intentionally and the implications of his statement are more directed to the element of incompatibility with the nature behind reality
A reappraisal of attitudes to the 'People of the Book' in the Qur'an and hadith, with particular reference to Muslim fiscal policy and the covenant of 'Umar
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Bir sanat şaheseri: Kitab-al Diryaq: (1. bölüm)
No full textErkmen, Nazan (Dogus Author)Halen Paris Ulusal Kütüphane’sinde bulunan, Ocak 1999 C.E., 585 A.H. tarihinde Rabi’amawwal’da 2964’lerde yaratılmış ve Arap medeniyetine ait bir yazma olduğu tahmin edilen Kitab al-Diryaq dünyanın en önemli sanat şaheserleri arasında yer almaktadır. Rabi’amawwal’da 595 A.H., Ocak 1199 C.E.de tamamlanan bu eserin girişinde, eserin yaratıcısı kendisini “Allah’ın en aciz kölelerinden biri” olarak tanımlamıştır. Bu muhteşem eserin yaratıcısı Muhammad ibn Abi al-Fath ‘Abd al-Wahid idi. Dindar ve eğitimli bir aileden geliyordu. Bu kitabı yapım amacında, ailenin Mekke’ye Hac yolculuğu sırasında kutsal inancını yaymanın da rolü olduğuna inanılıyordu. ..
