1,721,005 research outputs found
Extracts and molecules from medicinal plants against herpes simplex viruses
No full textHerpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and -2) are important pathogens for humans, especially in the case of highly susceptible adults. Moreover, HSV-2 has been reported to be a high risk factor for HIV infection. Therefore, the discovery of novel anti-HSV drugs deserves great efforts. In this paper, we review anti-HSV substances from natural sources, including both extracts and pure compounds from herbal medicines, reported in studies from several laboratories. The role of traditional medicine for the development of anti-HSV compounds is also discussed. Interestingly, it was found that traditional medicines, like Ayurvedic, traditional Chinese (TCM), Chakma medicines, are good and potential sources for promising anti-HSV drugs. A second objective of this review is to discuss several anti-HSV compounds with respect to their structure-activity relationship (SAR). A large number of small molecules, like phenolics, polyphenols, terpenes (e.g., mono-, di-, tri-), flavonoids, sugar-containing compounds, were found to be promising anti-herpetic agents. Our major conclusion is that natural products from medicinal plant extracts are very important source of anti-HSV agents
First report of piscirickettsiosis in farmed sea bass fingerlings (Dicentrarchus labrax, L. 1758) in Italy
No full textPiscirickettsia salmonis is a pathogenic bacterial agent causing a septicaemic disease in salmon. Since its isolation in Chile in 1989, P. salmonis has continually produced high levels of mortality in salmon farms (Manuel and Miller, 2002). In the last few years disease outbreaks caused by Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs) have been reported in non-salmon species such as seabass (Comps et al., 1996; Athanassopoulou et al., 1999; Athanassopoulou et al., 2004). RLOs have been found in the nervous tissue of farmed juvenile seabass (from France and Greece) exhibiting abnormal swimming and whirling behaviour and which exhibit medium to high levels of mortality (20-80 %).
From 2002 to 2004, three disease outbreaks have been recorded in sea bass fingerlings (140-180d) in an Italian hatchery, characterised by low levels of mortality (1 %) and abnormal behaviour, with infected fish showed signs of spiral swimming and lethargy. The outbreaks lasted for a few days and were always recorded during the spring-summer period (April-July), when water temperatures ranged from between 16 and 19°C. The hatchery was supplied with filtered sea water. During disease outbreaks a number of fish were collected for histopathological and immunohistological examination.
The fish showed no signs of macroscopic lesions, but histological lesions were observed in the brain, liver and pancreas. Meningitis and nervous tissue necrosis were observed in the brain, where strongly basophilic coccoidal organisms, which stained red with Macchiavello's stain, were located in the cytoplasmatic vacuoles of macrophages particularly within the meningis. Multifocal necrosis and inflammation were present in the liver, and macrophages and hepatocytes appeared to be filled with RLOs. All fish sampled during the disease outbreaks were positive for P. salmonis by immunohistochemistry using a rabbit P. salmonis antiserum. The symptoms observed between the different disease outbreaks were all similar, and were comparable with the infection described in seabass by other authors (Comps et al., 1996; Athanassopoulou et al., 1999 and 2004). However the fish size and period of infection were not similar, with Italian outbreaks always characterised by very low levels of mortality. From an epidemiological viewpoint, the annual recurrence of this infection appears very interesting and warrants future investigation. On the basis of this first report of Piscirickettsiosis in Italy and the other RLOs disease outbreaks in Mediterranean areas, it would be favourable to carry out a differential diagnosis for diseases with nervous symptoms (like encephalo-retinopathy)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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