593 research outputs found
Green cities and health: a question of scale?
No full text<p><b>Background:</b> Cities are expanding and accommodating an increasing proportion of the world's population. It is important to identify features of urban form that promote the health of city dwellers. Access to green space has been associated with health benefits at both individual and neighbourhood level. We investigated whether a relationship between green space coverage and selected mortality rates exists at the city level in the USA.</p>
<p><b>Methods:</b> An ecological cross-sectional study. A detailed land use data set was used to quantify green space for the largest US cities (n=49, combined population of 43 million). Linear regression models were used to examine the association between city-level ‘greenness’ and city-level standardised rates of mortality from heart disease, diabetes, lung cancer, motor vehicle fatalities and all causes, after adjustment for confounders.</p>
<p><b>Results:</b> There was no association between greenness and mortality from heart disease, diabetes, lung cancer or automobile accidents. Mortality from all causes was significantly higher in greener cities.</p>
<p><b>Conclusions:</b> While considerable evidence suggests that access to green space yields health benefits, we found no such evidence at the scale of the American city. In the USA, greener cities tend also to be more sprawling and have higher levels of car dependency. Any benefits that the green space might offer seem easily eclipsed by these other conditions and the lifestyles that accompany them. The result merits further investigation as it has important implications for how we increase green space access in our cities.</p>
Correction to: Myoclonic dystonia phenotype related to a novel calmodulin-binding transcription activator 1 sequence variant.
No full textThe affiliation of author Robert Jech was incorrectly indicated in the originally published version of this paper
Liftings for noncomplete probability spaces
No full textThe current state of knowledge concerning liftings for noncomplete probability spaces is discussed. This is a somewhat expanded version of the author's talk given at the 1991 Summer Conference on General Topology and Applications in Honor of Mary Ellen Rudin and Her Work.PT: S; CR: BURKE MR, IN PRESS P AM MATH S BURKE MR, 1991, ISRAEL J MATH, V73, P33 BURKE MR, 1992, ISRAEL J MATH, V79, P289 CARLSON T, THEOREM LIFTING CHRISTENSEN JPR, 1974, TOPOLOGY BOREL STRUC FREMLIN DH, 1989, HDB BOOLEAN ALGEBRAS, P877 INOESCUTULCEA A, 1966, 5TH P BERK S MATH ST, V2 IONESCUTULCEA A, 1967, CONTRIBUTIONS PROB 1, P63 IONESCUTULCEA A, 1969, TOPICS THEORY LIFTIN JECH TJ, 1978, SET THEORY JOHNSON RA, 1980, P AM MATH SOC, V80, P234 JUST W, IN PRESS T AM MATH S KUPKA J, 1983, INDIANA U MATH J, V32, P717 LOSERT V, 1983, LNM, V1080, P95 MAHARAM D, 1958, P AM MATH SOC, V9, P987 SHELAH S, 1983, ISRAEL J MATH, V45, P90 TALAGRAND M, 1982, P AM MATH SOC, V84, P379 VONNEUMANN J, 1931, CRELLES J MATH, V165, P109; NR: 18; TC: 0; J9: ANN N Y ACAD SCI; PG: 4; GA: BZ86BSource type: Electronic(1
Convergence and submeasures in Boolean algebras
No full textsummary:A Boolean algebra carries a strictly positive exhaustive submeasure if and only if it has a sequential topology that is uniformly Fréchet
Shelah's pcf theory and its applications
No full textThis is a survey paper giving a self-contained account of Shelah's theory of the pcf function pcf(a) = {cf(PI a/D, < D): D is an ultrafilter on a}, where a is a set of regular cardinals such that \a\ < min(a). We also give several applications of the theory to cardinal arithmetic, the existence of Jonsson algebras, and partition calculus.PT: J; CR: DEVLIN KJ, 1973, ANN MATH LOGIC, V5, P291 EASTON WB, 1970, ANN MATH LOGIC, V1, P139 ERDOS P, 1984, COMBINATORIAL SET TH GALVIN F, 1975, ANN MATH, V101, P491 GITIK M, SINGULAR CARDINALS P JECH T, CONJECTURE TARSKI PR JECH T, IN PRESS TRIBUTE P E JECH TJ, 1978, SET THEORY KUNEN K, 1980, STUDIES LOGIC F MATH, V102 RUBIN M, 1987, ANN PURE APPL LOGIC, V33, P43 SHELAH S, ALEPH OMEGA PLUS ONE SHELAH S, CARDINAL ARITHMETIC SHELAH S, IN PRESS ARCH MATH L SHELAH S, MORE PCF SHELAH S, 1978, ISRAEL J MATH, V30, P57 SHELAH S, 1980, J SYMBOLIC LOGIC, V45, P56 SHELAH S, 1980, STUD LOGIC FDN MATH, V95, P373 SHELAH S, 1982, LECTURE NOTES MATH, V940 SHELAH S, 1986, NOTRE DAME J FORM L, V27, P263 SHELAH S, 1987, ISRAEL J MATH, V59, P299 SHELAH S, 1988, ISRAEL J MATH, V62, P213 SHELAH S, 1988, ISRAEL J MATH, V62, P355 SILVER J, 1974, P INT C MATH, V1, P265 TODORCEVIC S, 1986, COMPOS MATH, V57, P357 TODORCEVIC S, 1987, ACTA MATH-DJURSHOLM, V159, P261 TODORCEVIC S, 1989, CONT MATH, V84; NR: 26; TC: 27; J9: ANN PURE APPL LOGIC; PG: 48; GA: EU720Source type: Electronic(1
Finite Left-Distributive Algebras and Embedding Algebras
No full textAbstractWe consider algebras with one binary operation · and one generator (monogenic) and satisfying the left distributive lawa·(b·c)=(a·b)·(a·c). One can define a sequence of finite left-distributive algebrasAn, and then take a limit to get an infinite monogenic left-distributive algebraA∞. Results of Laver and Steel assuming a strong large cardinal axiom imply thatA∞is free; it is open whether the freeness ofA∞can be proved without the large cardinal assumption, or even in Peano arithmetic. The main result of this paper is the equivalence of this problem with the existence of a certain algebra of increasing functions on natural numbers, called anembedding algebra. Using this and results of the first author, we conclude that the freeness ofA∞is unprovable in primitive recursive arithmetic
The SF-36: a simple, effective measure of mobility disability for epidemiological studies
No full textBackgroundMobility disability is a major problem in older people. Numerous scales exist for the measurement of disability but often these do not permit comparisons between study groups. The physical functioning (PF) domain of the established and widely used Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire asks about limitations on ten mobility activities.ObjectivesTo describe prevalence of mobility disability in an elderly population, investigate the validity of the SF-36 PF score as a measure of mobility disability, and to establish age and sex specific norms for the PF score.MethodsWe explored relationships between the SF-36 PF score and objectively measured physical performance variables among 349 men and 280 women, 59-72 years of age, who participated in the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS). Normative data were derived from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 1996.Results32% of men and 46% of women had at least some limitation in PF scale items. Poor SF-36 PF scores (lowest fifth of the gender-specific distribution) were related to: lower grip strength; longer timed-up-and-go, 3m walk, and chair rises test times in men and women; and lower quadriceps peak torque in women but not men. HSE normative data showed that median PF scores declined with increasing age in men and women.ConclusionOur results are consistent with the SF-36 PF score being a valid measure of mobility disability in epidemiological studies. This approach might be a first step towards enabling simple comparisons of prevalence of mobility disability between different studies of older people. The SF-36 PF score could usefully complement existing detailed schemes for classification of disability and it now requires validation against them
More game-theoretic properties of boolean algebras
No full textAbstractThe following infinite game G was investigated in [5]: Let B be a Boolean algebra. Two players, White and Black, take turns to choose successively a sequenc
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