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NMVOC emissions from solvent use and abatement possibilities
No full textNMVOC (Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds) sind eine Stoffgruppe mit vielfältigen Wirkungen. Vor allem tragen NMVOC gemeinsam mit NOx zur Bildung erhöhter bodennaher Ozonkonzentrationen im Sommer bei. In der "National Emission Ceiling Directive" (NEC) wird für Deutschland für 2010 ein maximaler Emissionswert von 995 kt NMVOC aus allen anthropogenen Quellgruppen festgelegt, der voraussichtlich überschritten werden wird. Um eine zusätzliche Minderung der anthropogenen NMVOC-Emissionen in Deutschland zu erreichen, müssen vor allem im Bereich der Lösemittelanwendung weitere Maßnahmen eingeleitet werden. Dazu müssen die Quellen der NMVOC bekannt sein. Es ist also notwendig, sektoral hoch aufgelöste Daten über die Einsatzmenge von NMVOC bei der Verwendung organischer Lösemittel und die daraus resultierenden Emissionen zu berechnen.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Identifizierung und Quantifizierung von Minderungspotenzialen, die über bisherige Maßnahmen zur Minderung hinausgehen, um den NEC-Zielwert 2010 für Deutschland einhalten zu können. Dazu wird zunächst eine Methode zur Berechnung von sektoral und stofflich hoch aufgelösten Lösemittelemissionen für ein konkretes Bezugsjahr entwickelt und angewendet. Dabei werden auch die Unsicherheiten analysiert, mit denen die Eingangsdaten und damit auch die Ergebnisse behaftet sind. Anschließend wird ein Referenzszenario für 2010 entwickelt, um unter Berücksichtigung der Aktivitätsentwicklung sowie von bestehenden gesetzlichen Maßnahmen den Umfang notwendiger zusätzlicher Reduktionen zu quantifizieren. Darauf aufbauend werden zusätzliche Minderungspotenziale identifiziert, quantifiziert und bewertet. Es werden auch Möglichkeiten zur Implementierung der identifizierten Maßnahmen betrachtet.
Ein Ergebnis der Arbeit ist, dass im Jahr 2000 in Deutschland etwa 724 kt Lösemittel emittiert wurden. Dies entspricht ungefähr 55% der gesamten in Deutschland emittierten anthropogenen NMVOC-Emissionen. Ungefähr die Hälfte der Lösemittelemissionen entstammte der Anwendung von Anstrichmitteln, 15% der häuslichen Verwendung lösemittelhaltiger Produkte. Etwa 14% wurden bei Druckanwendungen emittiert. Durch Oberflächenreinigungsprozesse wurden etwa 5% der Emissionen verursacht. Der Rest verteilte sich auf viele verschiedene Sektoren. Die Anwendung von Treibgassprays hatte einen Anteil von etwa 10% (74 kt) an den Lösemittelemissionen in Deutschland. Die Gesamtjahresemissionen sind mit einer qualitativ abgeschätzten mittleren Unsicherheit von etwa ±30% bis ±50% behaftet.
Die Lösemittelemissionen setzten sich zu 31% aus Alkoholen, 22% Alkanen und Cycloalkanen, 15% Aromaten, 11% Estern, 6% Glykolderivaten sowie 5% Ketonen, 4% Terpenen, jeweils zu 2% aus Ethern und Halogenkohlenwasserstoffen und geringen Mengen organischen Säuren, Aldehyden, Aminen und Amiden zusammen. Insgesamt 2% der Emissionen konnten stofflich nicht zugeordnet werden.
Durch die nationale Implementierung der EU-VOC-Direktive, der anlagenbezogenen 31. Bundesimmissionsschutzverordnung (31. BImSchV) sowie der nationalen Implementierung der DECOPAINT-Direktive, der produktbezogenen „Chemikalienrechtlichen Verordnung zur Begrenzung der Emissionen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen (VOC) durch Beschränkung des Inverkehrbringens lösemittelhaltiger Farben und Lacke“ (ChemVOC-FarbV) ist bis 2010 mit einer Minderung der Lösemittelemissionen um etwa 8,3% gegenüber 2000 zu rechnen. Dass die Minderungswirkung durch die Umsetzung der beiden Verordnungen relativ gering ausfällt, liegt daran, dass die 31. BImSchV nur die Anwendung von Lösemitteln in Anlagen erfasst, die einen bestimmten Schwellenwert bezüglich des Jahresverbrauchs an Lösemitteln überschreiten, sowie an der erwarteten Entwicklung der Aktivitäten bis 2010. Die Implementierung der ChemVOC-FarbV hat einen geringeren Minderungseffekt, als von der EU-Kommission erwartet, da in Deutschland schon seit Anfang der 90er Jahre fast ausschließlich Dispersionsfarben als Wandfarben eingesetzt werden. Insgesamt wurden zusätzliche Minderungspotenziale von etwa 96 kt identifiziert. Bei vollständiger Implementierung dieser zusätzlichen Maßnahmen könnte der NEC-Zielwert erreicht werden. Hierbei muß der Erlass neuer Verordnungen begleitet werden durch die gezielte Information der lösemittelverwendenden Akteure über Möglichkeiten zur Minderung von Lösemittelemissionen und Maßnahmen zu deren Umsetzung, da sich nur so die wesentlichen Minderungspotenziale in vollem Umfang erschließen lassen.Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) are a group of substances that can cause various negative effects on the environment and human health. NMVOC contribute together with NOx primarily to the formation of high ambient ozone concentrations during summer time. The EC „National Emission Ceilings Directive" (NEC) sets a maximum emission value of 995 kt NMVOC for Germany for the year 2010 for all anthropogenic source groups. Based on the results of this work, it is to be expected that this target value will be exceeded. To achieve a further reduction of anthropogenic NMVOC emissions in Germany, additional measures must be implemented in the source group of solvent use. For this, the sources of NMVOC have to be identified. Thus, it is necessary to calculate reliable data for the input amount of NMVOC for solvent use and the resulting emissions from their use in Germany in a high sectoral resolution.
The aim of this work is to identify and quantify abatement potentials in addition to existing measures in order to be able to achieve compliance with the NEC emission ceiling value for 2010 in Germany. To achieve this aim, first, a method is developed and applied to generate emission data in high sectoral and substance resolution, conducting calculations for a specific reference year in Germany. The uncertainties of the input data and of the results are evaluated as well. Then a reference scenario for 2010 is developed, taking into account the expected development of activities as well as existing legislative measures. This scenario serves as the reference to quantify the amount of further reductions needed. This leads to the identification, quantification and assessment of additional abatement potentials. Furthermore the possibilities for the implementation of the abatement measures are investigated.
These calculations reveal that about 724 kt NMVOC were emitted in the year 2000 in Germany from solvent use. This represents about 55% of total anthropogenic NMVOC emissions in Germany. Approximately half of those originated from the use of organic solvents in paints, concrete additives and wood preservatives and 15% came from domestic solvent use. About 14% originated from printing applications and about 5% of solvent emissions were due to surface cleaning processes. The rest of the emissions came from a variety of other processes. Furthermore the use of aerosol sprays had a share of about 10% (74kt) of the emissions from solvent use in Germany. A qualitative assessment of the uncertainties for total annual emissions yielded approximately ±30% to ±50%.
NMVOC emissions from solvent use in 2000 in Germany consisted of alcohols (31%), alkanes and cycloalkanes (22%), aromatics (15%), esters (11%), glycol derivatives (6%) as well as ketones (5%), terpenes (4%), ethers and halogenated hydrocarbons (2% each) and low amounts of organic acids, aldehydes, amines and amides. Approximately 2% of the emissions could not be assigned to a substance class.
A reduction of about 8.3% of the emissions from solvent use compared to 2000 is expected through the national implementation of the EU-VOC Directive by the 31. Bundesimmissionsschutzverordnung (31. BImSchV) and the national implementation of the EU-DECOPAINT Directive by the „Chemikalienrechtliche Verordnung zur Begrenzung der Emissionen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen (VOC) durch Beschränkung des Inverkehrbringens lösemittelhaltiger Farben und Lacke“ (ChemVOC-FarbV). The reduction effect from the 31. BImSchV is relatively small due to the fact that this regulation only applies to the solvent use in plants with an annual solvent use above specified threshold values. Smaller plants not exceeding these threshold values and solvent use outside of plants are not included in the regulation. The implementation of the ChemVOCFarbV has a smaller reduction effect than expected by the EU Commission due to the fact that in Germany almost exclusively dispersion paints are used for wall painting since the beginning of the 1990s. Altogether, an additional reduction potential of 96 kt was identified. With a complete implementation of additional measures, the NEC target could be achieved but, in order to reach the emission ceiling for NMVOC, considerable efforts are still necessary.
Enhanced regulations have to be combined with specific information for the solvent users about the possibilities for the reduction of emissions from solvent use and measures for their implementation in order to be able to achieve the full reduction potential
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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