776 research outputs found
Sub-grouping of <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>3D7 <it>var </it>genes based on sequence analysis of coding and non-coding regions
No full textAbstract Background The variant surface antigen family Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (PfEMP1) is an important target for protective immunity and is implicated in the pathology of malaria through its ability to adhere to host endothelial receptors. The sequence diversity and organization of the 3D7 PfEMP1 repertoire was investigated on the basis of the complete genome sequence. Methods Using two tree-building methods we analysed the coding and non-coding sequences of 3D7 var and rif genes as well as var genes of other parasite strains. Results var genes can be sub-grouped into three major groups (group A, B and C) and two intermediate groups B/A and B/C representing transitions between the three major groups. The best defined var group, group A, comprises telomeric genes transcribed towards the telomere encoding PfEMP1s with complex domain structures different from the 4-domain type dominant of groups B and C. Two sequences belonging to the var1 and var2 subfamilies formed independent groups. A rif subgroup transcribed towards the centromere was found neighbouring var genes of group A such that the rif and var 5' regions merged. This organization appeared to be unique for the group A var genes Conclusion The grouping of var genes implies that var gene recombination preferentially occurs within var gene groups and it is speculated that the groups reflect a functional diversification evolved to cope with the varying conditions of transmission and host immune response met by the parasite.</p
Cytophilic Antibodies to Plasmodium Falciparum Glutamate Rich Protein are Associated with Malaria Protection in an Area of Holoendemic Transmission.
No full textSeveral studies conducted in areas of medium or low malaria transmission intensity have found associations between malaria immunity and plasma antibody levels to glutamate rich protein (GLURP). This study was conducted to analyse if a similar relationship could be documented in an area of intense malaria transmission. A six month longitudinal study was conducted in an area of holoendemic malaria transmission in north-eastern Tanzania, where the incidence of febrile malaria decreased sharply by the age of three years, and anaemia constituted a significant part of the malaria disease burden. Plasma antibodies to glutamate rich protein (GLURP) were analysed and related with protection against malaria morbidity in models correcting for the effect of age. The risk of febrile malaria episodes was reduced significantly in children with measurable anti-GLURP IgG1 antibodies at enrollment [adjusted odds ratio: 0.39 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.99); P = 0.047]. Interestingly, there was an inverse relationship between the plasma anti-GLURP IgG1 and IgG3 levels and the levels of parasitaemia at enrollment. However, anti-GLURP IgG2 and IgG4 levels were not associated with reduction in parasite density. Similarly, antibody levels were not associated with haemoglobin levels or anaemia risk. Cytophilic IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies against R0-GLURP may contribute to the control of parasite multiplication and reduction in febrile malaria incidence in children living in an area of intense malaria transmission
Spinibdella Thor
No full textSpinibdella Thor Spinibdella Thor, 1930b: 22; 1931a: 39; Atyeo, 1960a: 424; Soliman & Zaher, 1975: 80; Tseng, 1978: 38; Chaudhri et al., 1979: 133; Michocka, 1987: 82. Type-species: Spinibdella reducta Thor, 1930b: 23 by original designation. 121. Spinibdella ampulla Wallace & Mahon, 1972: 568; Millstream, Western Australia, ex green herbaceous, couch grass, Eucalyptus sp. litter. Remarks. Male unknown. Type deposition. ANIC. 122. Spinibdella ankylotricha Omukunda, Theron & Ueckermann, 2012: 9; Limpopo Province, South Africa. Type deposition. NCA. 123. Spinibdella antarctica (Trägårdh, 1907): 24; South Georgia, Grytviken Peninsula, Antarctica, under rocks.— Wallace, 1970: 107. Original designation: Bdella antarctica Trägårdh; Thor, 1931a: 33. Redescription. Wallace (1970). Type deposition. BPBM; USNM, BMNH, ANIC. 124. Spinibdella arenosa Willmann, 1939b: 532; Germany (Wangerooge Island) (Willmann, 1952: 165). Type deposition. ZSM. 125. Spinibdella atyeoi Gupta & Paul, 1985: 14; West Bengal, Midnapur Dist., Patharkumkumi, India, ex nest of Prinia inornata (Sykes 1832) (Aves: Cysticolidae). Remarks. Male unknown. Type deposition. NZSI. 126. Spinibdella bifurcata Atyeo, 1960a: 430; 10 miles west of Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico, under rock.— Soliman, 1975: 48. Distribution. Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Michoacán, United States (Texas) (Atyeo 1960a), Egypt (Giza) (Soliman 1975; Zaher 1986), Malaysia (Shiba 1978), China (Lin et al. 2006). Redescription. Shiba (1978). Type deposition. Holotype and paratypes at SEMC, paratypes at USNM, BMNH and SAM. 127. Spinibdella bioculata Swift & Goff, 1987: 39; Kahoolawe Island, Hawaii, ex Kiawe duff and grasses. Remarks. Male unknown. Type deposition. BPBM. 128. Spinibdella californica McGregor, 1956: 12; California, USA, ex lemon. Type deposition. Unknown. 129. Spinibdella corticis (Ewing, 1909a): 122; Urbana, Illinois, USA, under bark of cottonwood tree.— Atyeo, 1960a: 426. Original designation: Bdella corticis Ewing; Thor, 1931a: 36. Other name: Spinibdella cortis [sic]; Rack, 1961: 185. Distribution. United States (Illinois, Texas, Utah, Nebraska), Mexico (Oaxaca), Guatemala (Atyeo 1960a), Japan (Shiba & Morikawa 1966), Australia (Wallace & Mahon 1972). Redescriptions. Atyeo (1960a), Wallace & Mahon (1972). Type deposition. USNM. 130. Spinibdella cronini (Baker & Balock, 1944): 178; Planada, California, USA, on lichens from fig tree.— Atyeo, 1960a: 432. Original designation: Bdella cronini Baker & Balock. Distribution. United States (California, Texas, Utah, Colorado, Washington, Alabama, Maryland), Mexico (Tamaulipas, Guerrero, Nevo León, San Luis Potosí) (Atyeo 1960a), Australia (Atyeo 1963a; Wallace & Mahon 1972), Bulgaria (Sosnina et al. 1965), Egypt (Soliman 1975), Syria (Lattakia) (Soliman & Zaher 1975), Ukraine (Kuznetsov & Livshits 1979a), United States (Lehman 1982), Hawaii (Swift & Goff 1987), Hungary (Ripka et al. 2005), China (Li et al. 1992; Li & Fan 2007), Iran (Ostovan & Kamali 1995; Kamali et al. 2001, Jalaeian et al. 2005; Ueckermann et al. 2007; Abbaszadeh et al. 2010; Daneshnia & Akrami 2013; Majidi & Akrami 2013; Masoudian & Khanjani 2013), Brazil (Pinto-da-Rocha 1995; Hernandes et al. 2011), Slovakia (Kaluz 2008). Remarks. this species was found in bat guano in USA (Webster & Whitaker 2005). Redescriptions. Atyeo (1960a, 1963a), Sosnina et al. (1965), Wallace & Mahon (1972), Swift & Goff (1987), Ueckermann et al. (2007). Type deposition. USNM. 131. Spinibdella denheyeri Hernandes, Daud & Feres, 2008: 265; ex Coffea arabica leaves (Linnaeus, Rubiaceae) Atibaia, São Paulo, Brazil. Type deposition. DZSJRP. 132. Spinibdella depressa (Ewing, 1909a): 125; Arcola, Illinois, USA, under bark.— Atyeo, 1960a: 428. Original designation: Bdella depressa Ewing; Thor, 1931a: 38. a. Bdella virgata Ewing, 1909b: 70; Hartzell, 1918: 206; Baker & Balock, 1944: 179 synonymy by Atyeo (1960a). b. Bdella chapultepecensis Baker & Balock, 1944: 177 synonymy by Atyeo (1960a). c. Bdella riolermensis Baker & Balock, 1944: 178 synonymy by Atyeo (1960a). Distribution. United States (Maryland) (Drummond 1957), United States (Illinois, Texas, Maryland, Arkansas, Kansas, New Jersey, Connecticut), Mexico (México, Distrito Federal, San Luis Potosí, Morelos) (Atyeo 1960a), Australia (Atyeo 1963a; Wallace & Mahon 1972), Pakistan (Chaudhri et al. 1979), United States (Lehman 1982), Hawaii (Swift & Goff 1987), China (Fujian) (Lin & Zhang 2000), Iran (Kamali et al. 2001; Ueckermann et al. 2007; Abbaszadeh et al. 2010). Remarks. this species has the posterior eye wanting, with circular striation where that eye should normally be. Redescriptions. Baker & Balock (1944), Atyeo (1960a, 1963a), Wallace & Mahon (1972), Swift & Goff (1987), Ueckermann et al. (2007). Type deposition. USNM. 133. Spinibdella dusta Shiba, 1969b: 150; tatami, Kuwabara-chô, Matsuyama, Japan, ex tatami. Type deposition. Biological Laboratory of Matsuyama Shinonome Junior College, Matsuyama, Japan. 134. Spinibdella gibberabdomen (Thor, 1931b): 68; Tangier, Morocco; Paktinat-Saeej et al. 2015: 695. Original designation: Bdella gibberabdomen Thor. Remarks. The author mentions only two ventral setae on the hypostome, and illustrates a truncate palptarsus, which is why this species was transferred to the genus Spinibdella. Type deposition. Lost. 135. Spinibdella howarthi Swift & Goff, 1987: 40; Mauna Kea Summit Cone, Hawaii, under stone. Remarks. Male unknown; species known only from the holotype. Type deposition. BPBM. 136. Spinibdella iberica Gomelauri, 1961: 68; close to the Turtle lake near Tbilisi, Georgia, ex lichens. Type deposition. Unknown. Remarks. The choice of the epithet by the author is a mystery, since the type locality was not in the Iberian Peninsula. 137. Spinibdella lignicola (Canestrini, 1886): 184; Italy and Egypt.— Tseng, 1978: 47. Original designation: Bdella lignicola Canestrini. Distribution. Italy (Canestrini 1886; Thor 1931a), England (Hull 1918), Egypt (Trägårdh 1905; Thor 1931a; Abdel-Shaheed et al. 1971), Spain (Mihelčič 1958b), Switzerland (Schweizer & Bader 1963), Taiwan (Tseng 1978), China (Sichuan) (Li et al. 1992), Czeck Republic (Stejskal & Hubert 2008). Redescription. Tseng (1978). Type deposition. CRA. 138. Spinibdella longistriata Tseng, 1978: 42; Shandimann, Pingtung Hsien, Taiwan, ex litter. Type deposition. Supposedly at BSMI, but probably lost (C-C Ho, pers. comm.). 139. Spinibdella mali Jorgensen, 1967: 98; Spring Lake, Utah Co, Utah, USA, ex bark of apple tree. Remarks. Male unknown. Type deposition. Unknown. 140. Spinibdella namibiensis Omukunda, Theron & Ueckermann, 2012: 15; Namibia and South Africa. Type deposition. NCA. 141. Spinibdella novemsetosa Tseng, 1978: 42; Tainan city, Taiwan, on shallot (Alliaceae). Type deposition. Supposedly at BSMI, but probably lost (C-C Ho, pers. comm.). 142. Spinibdella ornata Atyeo, 1960a: 434; Bear Lake, Rock Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA, ex moss and litter. Distribution. California, (Atyeo 1960a), Wisconsin (Oatman 1963). Remarks. Suspected synonym of S. thori, according to Atyeo (1963a: 174). Type deposition. Holotype and paratypes at SEMC, paratypes at CSUC, USNM. 143. Spinibdella polyattenuata Omukunda, Theron & Ueckermann, 2012: 6; Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Type deposition. NCA. 144. Spinibdella pongolensis Omukunda, Theron & Ueckermann, 2012: 12; Kwazulu, Natal, South Africa. Type deposition. NCA. 145. Spinibdella quinqueoculata Thor, 1931b: 70; Tangier, Morocco, ex moss. Type deposition. Lost. 146. Spinibdella rapida Kuznetsov & Livshits, 1979b: 608; rocky cliffs in the vicinity of Alupka town, Crimea, Ukraine, ex moss.— Bednarskaya, 2011: 5. Type deposition. NBG. 147. Spinibdella reducta Thor, 1930b: 23; Norway, in coniferous forest litter.— Thor, 1931a: 39. Distribution. Norway (Thor 1931a), Poland (Michocka 1987). Redescriptions. Thor (1931a), Michocka (1987). Type deposition. Lost. 148. Spinibdella smileyi Tseng, 1978: 39; Taipei, Chiayi Hsien, Taiwan, ex litter. Type deposition. Supposedly at BSMI, but probably lost (C-C Ho, pers. comm.). 149. Spinibdella subrufa Rack, 1961: 183; Germany. Type deposition. ZMUH. 150. Spinibdella tabarii Paktinat-Saeej & Bagheri, 2015b: 696; Amol city, Mazandaran Province, Iran; also citrus, Noor city, Mazandaran Province, Iran. Type deposition. Holotype and paratypes at the Acarological Collection, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran; paratypes at the Acarological Collection, Jalal Afshar Zoological Museum, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; and also at ASI. 151. Spinibdella tadjikistanica Kuznetsov, 1984: 774; Kondara Canyon, Tadjikistan, ex hawthorn (Crataegus sp., Rosaceae) and grape. Type deposition. NBG. 152. Spinibdella tenella (Banks, 1896): 75; Sea Cliffs, Long Island, NY, USA. Original designation: Bdella tenella Banks; Banks, 1904c: 16; 1907: 596; Thor, 1931a: 31; Spinibdella tenella; Hernandes, 2013: 64. Type deposition. MCZ. 153. Spinibdella tenuirostris (Ewing, 1917): 149; Xenia, Ohio, USA, under stones.— Atyeo, 1960a: 424. Original designation: Bdella tenuirostris Ewing; Berlese, 1893: 43. a. Spinibdella wilsoni Jacot, 1938: 129; synonymy according to Atyeo (1960a: 424). Distribution. Germany (Thor 1931a), United States (Ohio, Florida, Arkansas, Kansas, North Carolina, Vermont, Michigan, California) (Atyeo 1960a), Japan (Shiba & Morikawa 1966), Australia (Atyeo 1963a; Wallace & Mahon 1972), Russia (Wainstein et al. 1978, Ghilarov 1978), Taiwan (Tseng 1978), Korea (Lee et al. 1997), Mexico (Hoffmann & López-Campos 2000), Spain (Domingo-Quero et al. 2003). Redescriptions. Atyeo (1960a, 1963a), Shiba & Morikawa (1966), Wallace & Mahon (1972), Tseng (1978). Remarks. Ewing (1917, not 1914 as mentioned by both Atyeo [1960a] and Wainstein et al. [1978]) described Bdella tenuirostris, without noticing the preoccupied name erected by Koch (1839: 23). Type deposition. USNM. 154. Spinibdella thori (Meyer & Ryke, 1959): 375; Bathurst, South Africa, ex grass and soil.— Atyeo, 1963a: 174. Original designation: Bdella thori Meyer & Ryke. Distribution. South Africa (Meyer & Ryke 1959; Halliday 2005), Australia (Atyeo 1963a; Wallace & Mahon 1972; Halliday 2005), Hawaii (Swift & Goff 1987; 2001), Mexico (Hoffmann & López-Campos 2000), Iran (Abbaszadeh et al. 2010). Redescriptions. Atyeo (1963a), Wallace & Mahon (1972), Swift & Goff (1987), Omukunda et al. (2012). Remarks. Male unknown. Type deposition. Institute for Zoological Research, Potchefstroom University, South Africa. 155. Spinibdella trinomma Omukunda, Theron & Ueckermann, 2012: 3; Kwazulu, Natal, South Africa. Type deposition. NCA. 156. Spinibdella trisetosa (Jacot, 1938): 128 comb. nov.; Micanope, Florida, USA, ex leaf litter. Original designation: Bdella trisetosa Jacot. Remarks. This species is herein transferred to the genus Spinibdella due to having two ventral setae on the hypostome, tricobothria present on tibiae I, IV, tarsi III and IV, setae lps present, and the palpal tibiotarsus truncate. Type deposition. USNM. 157. Spinibdella yeni Tseng, 1978: 44; Taipu, Chiayi Hsien, Taiwan, ex litter. Type deposition. Supposedly at BSMI, but probably lost (C-C Ho, pers. comm.).Published as part of Hernandes, Fabio A., Skvarla, Michael J., Fisher, Ray, Dowling, Ashley P. G., Ochoa, Ronald, Ueckermann, Edward A. & Bauchan, Gary R., 2016, Catalogue of snout mites (Acariformes: Bdellidae) of the world, pp. 1-83 in Zootaxa 4152 (1) on pages 26-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4152.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26190
Impoliteness Strategies In Thor: Ragnarok Movie (A Pragmatic Perspective)
No full textThere are many way in communication, one of them is a spoken communication. It spoken communication at least needs two participants, a speaker and a hearer, both of them should convey and understand the speaker’s feeling, thought and desires. Pragmatics is a study in linguistics, which concern a proper theory to study the meaning of the speaker and hearer’s utterance. The author discovers by reviewing earlier studies that impoliteness has been the subject of inquiry. The writer is interested to analyze the new movie that never been analyzed before. Movie is an art that presenting the sequence event in a certain duration that reflected life story. Because of this, it is extremely likely that seeing a movie will aid in understanding and assimilating its moral lessons. It was the reason why the writer analyzed the movie, the movie entitled THOR: Ragnarok. This movie has impoliteness expressed by the main character, entitled “IMPOLITENESS STRATEGIES IN THOR: RAGNAROK MOVIE (A Pragmatic Perspective)
The Nature and Necessity of Bees
No full textJoin author and biologist Thor Hanson for a deep dive into the world of bees, from familiar species like honeybees and bumbles to leaf-cutters, masons, carpenters, cuckoo bees, and many more. Learn about their beginnings as pollen-eating wasps, and how their fascinating co-evolution with plants makes them indispensable to natural and human systems alike. Featuring stories from Hanson’s award-winning book, Buzz, and illustrated with pictures from around the world, this presentation gives essential context to the threat of modern bee declines
GWU Alumna Finds Success as American Sign Language Interpreter and Christian Fiction Author
No full textMiriam Downing Thor, a 2012 alumna of Gardner-Webb University, has a career she loves and is also pursuing her dream to become a published author. An American Sign Language (ASL) interpreter for Moore County Schools in Carthage, N.C., Thor recently signed with Anaiah Press to publish her first Christian novella, “Her First Noel.” Thor was in second grade when she discovered she had a talent for writing stories.https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/gardner-webb-newscenter-archive/1396/thumbnail.jp
Antigen-specific influence of GM/KM allotypes on IgG isotypes and association of GM allotypes with susceptibility to <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>malaria
No full textAbstract Background Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a complex disease in which genetic and environmental factors influence susceptibility. IgG isotypes are in part genetically controlled, and GM/KM allotypes are believed to be involved in this control. Methods In this study, 216 individuals from Daraweesh, an area of seasonal malaria transmission in Sudan, were followed for nine years for malaria infection. Total IgG and IgG isotypes against four malaria antigens, MSP2-3D7, MSP2-FC27, AMA1, and Pf332-C231 were measured in plasma obtained from the cohort at the end of the study, during the dry malaria-free period. The GM/KM allotypes of the donors were determined. Results The GM 1,17 5,13,14,6 phenotype was associated with a higher incidence of malaria compared with the non-1,17 5,13,14,6 phenotypes (P = 0.037). Paradoxically, the carriers of the GM 1,17 5,13,14,6 phenotype had significantly higher baseline levels of total IgG and non-cytophilic IgG isotypes as compared to non-carriers. The KM allotypes influence on IgG isotypes level was limited. Finally, the differences in the baseline concentrations of total IgG and IgG isotypes between the different GK/KM phenotype carriers were antigen-dependent. Discussion The results show that GM but not KM allotypes appeared to influence host susceptibility to uncomplicated malaria as well as the antibody profile of the donors, and the carriers of the GM 1,17 5,13,14,6 phenotype were the most susceptible Conclusions The GM allotypes have significant influence on susceptibility to uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria and antigen-dependent influence on total IgG and IgG subclasses.</p
Developing Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccines for populations living in areas with stable parasite transmission
No full textIndividuals living in areas with stable transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasites develop substantial protective immunity to the disease during childhood. Because of naturally acquired immunity, which appears mainly to target parasite-encoded Variable Surface Antigens (VSA) on the Infected Erythrocytes (IE), severe and life-threatening disease among adults in such areas is rare. However, low-grade asymptomatic parasitaemia continues to be present in a large proportion of people. So far, experimental P. falciparum malaria vaccination employing non-VSA antigens have resulted in variable degrees of protection, including sterile protection, but the duration of the protection afforded is short-lived, probably due to insufficient boosting. Based on these findings, our approach to vaccine development is to accelerate naturally acquired VSA-specific immunity. The ambition is to develop vaccines that will protect against mortality and severe morbidity, but which allow persistence of low-grade, asymptomatic infection. Hopefully, this approach will ensure regular boosting of immunity that appears necessary for the long-lasting protection required of vaccines to be deployed in
malaria-endemic areas
Arctoseius laterincisus Thor 1930
No full text<p> <b> <i>Arctoseius laterincisus</i> Thor</b> , <b>1930</b></p> <p> <i>Arctoseius laterincisus</i> Thor, 1930: 112.</p> <p> <i>Arctoseius laterincisus</i>.— Willmann, 1949b: 350; Hirschmann, 1962: 48; Bregetova, 1977a: 205. <i>Arctoseius</i> (<i>Arctoseius</i>) <i>laterincisus</i>.— Willmann, 1949b: 358. <i>Leioseius</i> (<i>Arctoseius</i>) <i>laterincisus</i>.— Bernhard, 1963: 143.</p> <p>TYPE DEPOSITORY: not stated.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY AND HABITAT: Hiorthhamn, Adventdalen (near Longyearbyen), Hanaskogdalen and Barentsburg, Svalbard, Norway, under stones.</p> <p> NOTES: (a) the identification of the <b>s</b> pecimens redescribed by Haarløv (1942: 23) was questioned by that same author as well as by Evans (1955: 288) and Lindquist (1961: 320). A new name, <i>Arctoseius haarlovi</i>, was proposed for the specimens of Haarløv (1942) by Lindquist (1964a: 103) in an unpublished thesis, which was not produced in numerous identical and durable copies (ICZN Article 8.1.3.1); the mention of this name in Lindquist (1964b: 3895) was not accompanied by a description (ICZN Article 13.1); thus, that name is a <i>nomen nudum</i> in those publications. It was made available by Lindquist & Makarova (2011a: 935); (b) specimens mentioned as <i>A</i>. <i>laterincisus</i> by Weis-Fogh (1948: 257), Evans (1955: 288), Chant (1963: 249) and Karg (1971b: 268, 1993: 267) were re-identified as <i>Arctoseius haarlovi</i> Lindquist & Makarova by Lindquist & Makarova (2011a: 935).</p>Published as part of <i>De Moraes, Gilberto J., Britto, Erika P. J., Mineiro, Jefferson L. De C. & Halliday, Bruce, 2016, Catalogue of the mite families Ascidae Voigts & Oudemans, Blattisociidae Garman and Melicharidae Hirschmann (Acari: Mesostigmata), pp. 1-299 in Zootaxa 4112 (1)</i> on page 81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4112.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/399477">http://zenodo.org/record/399477</a>
Prospects and challenges regarding Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein I as vaccine antigens
No full textUdgivelsesdato: 2008/
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