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Fish biomarkers in aquatic ecosystem status assessment and identification ofchemical stress effects in situ
Get PDFAkvatični ekosistemi su konstantno izloženi multistres uslovima, jerna njih simultano deluju različiti tipovi pritisaka - od globalnihpromena, preko hidromorfoloških izmena vodnih tela do zagađenjaporeklom iz koncentrisanih i rasutih izvora. Efikasnost upravljačkihmera u cilju zaštite ili unapređenja statusa akvatičnih ekosistemazavise u velikoj meri od pouzdane procene rizika i precizneidentifikacije ključnih pritisaka, što u multistres uslovima nijejednostavno. Regulatorno uslovljeni monitoring programi imaju za ciljpre svega procenu hemijskog i ekološkog statusa (potencijala) vodnihtela. Međutim, dugogodišnja iskustva pokazuju da po pravilu, ocenestatusa na osnovu ova dva ključna kriterijuma nisu saglasne, pa je teškoustanoviti jasne uzročno – posledične veze između zagađenja hazardnimsupstancama i promena na nivou akvatičnih životnih zajednica. Jednaod mogućnosti za prevazilaženje ovog problema je primenabioanalitičkih (mahom in vitro) metoda i biomarkera (kod eksponiranihjedinki i populacija) u retrospektivnoj proceni rizika kao sponeizmeđu hemijskog i biološkog monitoringa. Biomarkeri kao ranipokazatelji prisustva i / ili efekata hemijskog stresa mogu doprinetiidentifikaciji prioritenih lokacija, hazardnih supstanci i njihovihsmeša i povezati izloženost određenim klasama polutanata ilinjihovim smešama u životnoj sredini, sa efektima uočenim na višimnivoima biološke organizacije. Odabir optimalne baterijekomplementarnih opštih i specifičnih ekosistemski relevantnihbiomarkera, različitih nivoa biološke organizacije, od molekularnihdo fizioloških, primenljivih u različitim prostorno-vremenskimokvirima, i dalje predstavlja istraživački izazov i stoga je i predmetistraživanja ove doktorske disertacije. Opšti cilj istraživanja je bioodabir, optimizacija i integracija baterije fizioloških, enzimskih imolekularnih biomarkera kod riba, kao ključnog segmenta kompleksnogmultiparametarskog dijagnostičkog pristupa za identifikacijuhemijskog stresa koji predstavlja značajan pritisak na akvatičneekosisteme u realnim multistres uslovima. Specifični ciljevi suvezani za zadatke dve studije slučaja u okviru kojih je istraživanjesprovedeno. U okviru studije slučaja Novi Sad procenjeno je da jetoksični pritisak na odabranim lokalitetima nizak, ali ipak viši ugradskoj zoni Novog Sada u odnosu na uzvodne lokalitete. Na osnovuefekata uzoraka vode sa istih lokaliteta in vitro pERK1/2 esej se pokazaokao potencijalno koristan alat za monitoring efekta zagađenja uakvatičnim ekosistemima, zadovoljavajuće osetljivosti, kojom je mogućetektovati odgovor pri tretmanu kompleksnim uzorcima iz životnesredine koji sadrže jedinjenja koja utiču na ERK1/2 signalni put.Ograničenje ove metode, kao samostalnog alata predstavlja je niskaspecifičnost ERK1/2 signalnog puta na koji može uticati veliki brojsupstanci sa različitim načinima delovanja, pa se njegov potencijalogleda u primeni sa komplementarnim metodama u okviru kompleksnihbaterija in vitro bioeseja. Studija slučaja Novi Sad je u fokusu imala iunapređenje terenskih protokola i eksperimentalnih postavki kojiomogućavaju primenu biomarkera na različitim prostorno-vremenskimskalama u istražnim monitoring programima sa akcentom na velike reke,a koji podrazumevaju kavezni sistem izlaganja jedinki riba i procenuefekata hemijskog stresa kod jedinki iz prirodnih populacija.Primenom kavezne postavke izlaganja jedinki C. carpio je potvrđeno da jeza upotrebu biometrijskih parametara kao biomarkera potrebno duževreme izlaganja, dok su najosetljiviji parametri bili aktivnost enzimakatalaza, parametri imunog odgovora i autofagije kao i biomarkerineurotoksičnosti, među kojima se posebno istakao gen za bazni proteinmijelina. Zajedno sa detektovanim supstancama u serumu i mišićnomtkivu jedinki, odgovori biomarkera neurotoksičnosti su ukazali nazastupljenost ove grupe polutanata na analiziranim lokalitetima.Rezultati analize biomarkera kod jedinki riba iz prirodnih populacijaističu značaj novoidentifikovanih uloga različitih gena i proteinakoji su uobičajeno smatrani biomarkerima efekta, pokazujući da promeneu ovim parametrima ne moraju nužno ukazivati na pogoršanje zdravljajedinki riba, već bi se trebale tumačiti kao adaptivni odgovor nahemijski stres, pre nego direktan dokaz ekološkog uticaja zagađenja ine slučaja na široj prostornoj skali-tok reke Dunavizvršena je analiza efekata polutanata u prirodnim populacijamaAlburnus alburnus, pri čemu nisu uočene razlike između analiziranihlokaliteta usled prirodne varijabilnosti i male veličine uzorka, kao inedostatka adekvatnog referalnog lokaliteta. Među analiziranimparametrima, najosetljivija je bila genska ekspresija erk2 gena, koja jebila u najvišem nivou korelacije sa lekom opipramolom. Na rezultatimaanalize biomarkera iz obe studije slučaja, primenjen je sistem zaagregaciju odgovora baterije biomarkera i dijagnostičkimultiparametarski set alata za kvantitaciju in situ efekata smešapolutanata na nivou jedinki, populacija i zajednica. Rezultatimamultiparametarske analize rezultata studije slučaja Novi Sad jepotvrđeno da zagađenje koje dospeva putem neprećišćenih otpadnih vodagrada Novog Sada, predstavlja značajan pritisak na Dunav. Primenamultiparametarskog seta alata na široj prostornoj skali (studijaslučaja Dunav) je omogućila transformaciju velikog broja podataka ujedinstvene matrice za kvalitativnu evaluaciju analiziranihlokaliteta, koji su podeljeni u klase sa sličnim obrascima efekata itumačeni na osnovu matrica, uz ograničenja i uočene nedostatke kao štosu nedostatak podataka o hroničnoj toksičnosti velikog brojadetektovanih supstanci, nedostatak adekvatnog referalnog lokaliteta(zbog čega bilo bi korisno definisanje opsega odgovora za biomarkere zanajčešće korišćene vrste) i velika prirodna varijabilnost odgovorabiomarkera (koja bi se delimično mogla neutralisati dovoljno velikimuzorkom jedinki iz prirodnih populacija). Kod prirodnih populacijakao biomarkere efekta je pogodno koristiti parametre koji predstavljajukumulativan efekat izlaganja kao što su telesni indeksi,bioakumulacija supstanci i parametri genotoksičnosti.Aquatic ecosystems are constantly exposed to multistress conditions, becausethey are simultaneously affected by different types of pressures - from globalchanges, through hydromorphological changes of water bodies to pollutionoriginating from concentrated and bulk sources. The effectiveness ofmanagement measures to protect or improve the status of aquatic ecosystemsdepends to a large extent on reliable risk assessment and accurate identificationof key pressures, which is not easy in multistress conditions. Regulatoryconditioned monitoring programs are primarily aimed at assessing the chemicaland environmental status (potential) of water bodies. However, many years ofexperience show that, status assessments based on these two key criteria do notagree, so it is difficult to establish clear cause-and-effect links betweenhazardous substance pollution and changes in aquatic communities. One of thepossibilities for overcoming this problem is the application of bioanalytical(mostly in vitro) methods and biomarkers (in exposed individuals andpopulations) in retrospective risk assessment as a link between chemical andbiological monitoring. Biomarkers as early indicators of the presence and / oreffects of chemical stress can contribute to the identification of priority siteshazardous substances and their mixtures and link exposure to certain classes ofpollutants or their mixtures in the environment with effects observed at higherlevels of biological organization. Selecting the optimal battery ofcomplementary general and specific ecosystemically relevant biomarkers,different levels of biological organization, from molecular to physiological,applicable in different space-time frameworks, is still a research challenge and therefore the subject of this doctoral dissertation. The general goal of theresearch was to select, optimize and integrate batteries of physiological,enzymatic and molecular biomarkers in fish, as a key segment of a complexmultiparameter diagnostic approach to identify chemical stress that putssignificant pressure on aquatic ecosystems in real multistress conditions. Thespecific objectives are related to the tasks of the two case studies within whichthe research was conducted. Within the case study Novi Sad, it was estimatedthat the toxic pressure at selected localities is low, but still higher in the urbanzone of Novi Sad comparing to the upstream localities. Based on the effects ofwater samples from the same sites in vitro pERK 1/2 assay showed to be apotentially useful tool for monitoring the effects of pollution in aquaticecosystems, relatively sensitive, which can detect the response in the treatmentof complex environmental samples containing compounds that affect ERK 1/2signal path. The limitation of this method, as an independent tool, is the lowspecificity of the ERK 1/2 signaling pathway, which can be affected by a largenumber of substances with different modes of action, so its potential is reflectedin application with complementary methods within complex in vitro bioassaybatteries. The case study of Novi Sad also focused on the improvement of fieldprotocols and experimental settings that enable the use of biomarkers ondifferent spatial and temporal scales in investigative monitoring programs withemphasis on large rivers, which include a cage system from natural populations.Using a caging sistem for C. carpio, it was confirmed that the use of biometricparameters as biomarkers requires a longer exposure time, while the mostsensitive parameters were catalase enzyme activity, immune response andautophagy parameters and neuromarkers of neurotoxicity, especially the myelinbasic protein. Together with the detected substances in the serum and muscletissue of the individuals, the responses of the biomarkers of neurotoxicityindicated the presence of this group of pollutants at the analyzed localities. Theresults of biomarker analysis in fish from natural populations highlight theimportance of newly identified roles of different genes and proteins commonlyconsidered biomarkers of the effect, showing that changes in these parametersdo not necessarily indicate deterioration in fish health but should be interpretedas an adaptive response to chemical stress, rather than direct evidence of theenvironmental impact of in situ pollution. The case study on the wider spatialscale of the Danube River analyzed the effects of pollutants in naturalopulations of Alburnus alburnus, with no differences between the analyzedlocalities due to natural variability and small sample size, as well as the lack ofadequate reference locality. Among the analyzed parameters, the most sensitivewas the gene expression of the erk2 gene, which had the highest level ofcorrelation with the drug opipramol. Based on the results of biomarker analysisfrom both case studies, a system for aggregation of biomarker battery responsesand a diagnostic multiparametric set of tools for quantifying the in situ effectsof pollutant mixtures at the individual level, populations and communities wereapplied. The results of the multiparameter analysis of the results of the NoviSad case study confirmed that the pollution from untreated wastewater of thecity of Novi Sad, represents a significant pressure on the Danube. Theapplication of a multiparametric toolbox on a wider spatial scale (Danube casestudy) enabled the transformation of a large amount of data into unique matricesfor qualitative evaluation of analyzed sites, divided into classes with similarpatterns and interpreted based on matrices, with limitations and shortcomingssuch as the lack of data on the chronic toxicity of a large number of detectedsubstances, the lack of an adequate reference locality (which would be usefulin defining the range of responses for biomarkers for commonly used species)and the high natural variability of biomarker responses. In natural populations,it is convenient to use parameters that represent the cumulative effect ofexposure, such as body indices, bioaccumulation of substances and genotoxicityparameters, as biomarkers of the effec
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Fish biomarkers in aquatic ecosystem status assessment and identification ofchemical stress effects in situ
No full textAkvatični ekosistemi su konstantno izloženi multistres uslovima, jerna njih simultano deluju različiti tipovi pritisaka - od globalnihpromena, preko hidromorfoloških izmena vodnih tela do zagađenjaporeklom iz koncentrisanih i rasutih izvora. Efikasnost upravljačkihmera u cilju zaštite ili unapređenja statusa akvatičnih ekosistemazavise u velikoj meri od pouzdane procene rizika i precizneidentifikacije ključnih pritisaka, što u multistres uslovima nijejednostavno. Regulatorno uslovljeni monitoring programi imaju za ciljpre svega procenu hemijskog i ekološkog statusa (potencijala) vodnihtela. Međutim, dugogodišnja iskustva pokazuju da po pravilu, ocenestatusa na osnovu ova dva ključna kriterijuma nisu saglasne, pa je teškoustanoviti jasne uzročno – posledične veze između zagađenja hazardnimsupstancama i promena na nivou akvatičnih životnih zajednica. Jednaod mogućnosti za prevazilaženje ovog problema je primenabioanalitičkih (mahom in vitro) metoda i biomarkera (kod eksponiranihjedinki i populacija) u retrospektivnoj proceni rizika kao sponeizmeđu hemijskog i biološkog monitoringa. Biomarkeri kao ranipokazatelji prisustva i / ili efekata hemijskog stresa mogu doprinetiidentifikaciji prioritenih lokacija, hazardnih supstanci i njihovihsmeša i povezati izloženost određenim klasama polutanata ilinjihovim smešama u životnoj sredini, sa efektima uočenim na višimnivoima biološke organizacije. Odabir optimalne baterijekomplementarnih opštih i specifičnih ekosistemski relevantnihbiomarkera, različitih nivoa biološke organizacije, od molekularnihdo fizioloških, primenljivih u različitim prostorno-vremenskimokvirima, i dalje predstavlja istraživački izazov i stoga je i predmetistraživanja ove doktorske disertacije. Opšti cilj istraživanja je bioodabir, optimizacija i integracija baterije fizioloških, enzimskih imolekularnih biomarkera kod riba, kao ključnog segmenta kompleksnogmultiparametarskog dijagnostičkog pristupa za identifikacijuhemijskog stresa koji predstavlja značajan pritisak na akvatičneekosisteme u realnim multistres uslovima. Specifični ciljevi suvezani za zadatke dve studije slučaja u okviru kojih je istraživanjesprovedeno. U okviru studije slučaja Novi Sad procenjeno je da jetoksični pritisak na odabranim lokalitetima nizak, ali ipak viši ugradskoj zoni Novog Sada u odnosu na uzvodne lokalitete. Na osnovuefekata uzoraka vode sa istih lokaliteta in vitro pERK1/2 esej se pokazaokao potencijalno koristan alat za monitoring efekta zagađenja uakvatičnim ekosistemima, zadovoljavajuće osetljivosti, kojom je mogućetektovati odgovor pri tretmanu kompleksnim uzorcima iz životnesredine koji sadrže jedinjenja koja utiču na ERK1/2 signalni put.Ograničenje ove metode, kao samostalnog alata predstavlja je niskaspecifičnost ERK1/2 signalnog puta na koji može uticati veliki brojsupstanci sa različitim načinima delovanja, pa se njegov potencijalogleda u primeni sa komplementarnim metodama u okviru kompleksnihbaterija in vitro bioeseja. Studija slučaja Novi Sad je u fokusu imala iunapređenje terenskih protokola i eksperimentalnih postavki kojiomogućavaju primenu biomarkera na različitim prostorno-vremenskimskalama u istražnim monitoring programima sa akcentom na velike reke,a koji podrazumevaju kavezni sistem izlaganja jedinki riba i procenuefekata hemijskog stresa kod jedinki iz prirodnih populacija.Primenom kavezne postavke izlaganja jedinki C. carpio je potvrđeno da jeza upotrebu biometrijskih parametara kao biomarkera potrebno duževreme izlaganja, dok su najosetljiviji parametri bili aktivnost enzimakatalaza, parametri imunog odgovora i autofagije kao i biomarkerineurotoksičnosti, među kojima se posebno istakao gen za bazni proteinmijelina. Zajedno sa detektovanim supstancama u serumu i mišićnomtkivu jedinki, odgovori biomarkera neurotoksičnosti su ukazali nazastupljenost ove grupe polutanata na analiziranim lokalitetima.Rezultati analize biomarkera kod jedinki riba iz prirodnih populacijaističu značaj novoidentifikovanih uloga različitih gena i proteinakoji su uobičajeno smatrani biomarkerima efekta, pokazujući da promeneu ovim parametrima ne moraju nužno ukazivati na pogoršanje zdravljajedinki riba, već bi se trebale tumačiti kao adaptivni odgovor nahemijski stres, pre nego direktan dokaz ekološkog uticaja zagađenja ine slučaja na široj prostornoj skali-tok reke Dunavizvršena je analiza efekata polutanata u prirodnim populacijamaAlburnus alburnus, pri čemu nisu uočene razlike između analiziranihlokaliteta usled prirodne varijabilnosti i male veličine uzorka, kao inedostatka adekvatnog referalnog lokaliteta. Među analiziranimparametrima, najosetljivija je bila genska ekspresija erk2 gena, koja jebila u najvišem nivou korelacije sa lekom opipramolom. Na rezultatimaanalize biomarkera iz obe studije slučaja, primenjen je sistem zaagregaciju odgovora baterije biomarkera i dijagnostičkimultiparametarski set alata za kvantitaciju in situ efekata smešapolutanata na nivou jedinki, populacija i zajednica. Rezultatimamultiparametarske analize rezultata studije slučaja Novi Sad jepotvrđeno da zagađenje koje dospeva putem neprećišćenih otpadnih vodagrada Novog Sada, predstavlja značajan pritisak na Dunav. Primenamultiparametarskog seta alata na široj prostornoj skali (studijaslučaja Dunav) je omogućila transformaciju velikog broja podataka ujedinstvene matrice za kvalitativnu evaluaciju analiziranihlokaliteta, koji su podeljeni u klase sa sličnim obrascima efekata itumačeni na osnovu matrica, uz ograničenja i uočene nedostatke kao štosu nedostatak podataka o hroničnoj toksičnosti velikog brojadetektovanih supstanci, nedostatak adekvatnog referalnog lokaliteta(zbog čega bilo bi korisno definisanje opsega odgovora za biomarkere zanajčešće korišćene vrste) i velika prirodna varijabilnost odgovorabiomarkera (koja bi se delimično mogla neutralisati dovoljno velikimuzorkom jedinki iz prirodnih populacija). Kod prirodnih populacijakao biomarkere efekta je pogodno koristiti parametre koji predstavljajukumulativan efekat izlaganja kao što su telesni indeksi,bioakumulacija supstanci i parametri genotoksičnosti.Aquatic ecosystems are constantly exposed to multistress conditions, becausethey are simultaneously affected by different types of pressures - from globalchanges, through hydromorphological changes of water bodies to pollutionoriginating from concentrated and bulk sources. The effectiveness ofmanagement measures to protect or improve the status of aquatic ecosystemsdepends to a large extent on reliable risk assessment and accurate identificationof key pressures, which is not easy in multistress conditions. Regulatoryconditioned monitoring programs are primarily aimed at assessing the chemicaland environmental status (potential) of water bodies. However, many years ofexperience show that, status assessments based on these two key criteria do notagree, so it is difficult to establish clear cause-and-effect links betweenhazardous substance pollution and changes in aquatic communities. One of thepossibilities for overcoming this problem is the application of bioanalytical(mostly in vitro) methods and biomarkers (in exposed individuals andpopulations) in retrospective risk assessment as a link between chemical andbiological monitoring. Biomarkers as early indicators of the presence and / oreffects of chemical stress can contribute to the identification of priority siteshazardous substances and their mixtures and link exposure to certain classes ofpollutants or their mixtures in the environment with effects observed at higherlevels of biological organization. Selecting the optimal battery ofcomplementary general and specific ecosystemically relevant biomarkers,different levels of biological organization, from molecular to physiological,applicable in different space-time frameworks, is still a research challenge and therefore the subject of this doctoral dissertation. The general goal of theresearch was to select, optimize and integrate batteries of physiological,enzymatic and molecular biomarkers in fish, as a key segment of a complexmultiparameter diagnostic approach to identify chemical stress that putssignificant pressure on aquatic ecosystems in real multistress conditions. Thespecific objectives are related to the tasks of the two case studies within whichthe research was conducted. Within the case study Novi Sad, it was estimatedthat the toxic pressure at selected localities is low, but still higher in the urbanzone of Novi Sad comparing to the upstream localities. Based on the effects ofwater samples from the same sites in vitro pERK 1/2 assay showed to be apotentially useful tool for monitoring the effects of pollution in aquaticecosystems, relatively sensitive, which can detect the response in the treatmentof complex environmental samples containing compounds that affect ERK 1/2signal path. The limitation of this method, as an independent tool, is the lowspecificity of the ERK 1/2 signaling pathway, which can be affected by a largenumber of substances with different modes of action, so its potential is reflectedin application with complementary methods within complex in vitro bioassaybatteries. The case study of Novi Sad also focused on the improvement of fieldprotocols and experimental settings that enable the use of biomarkers ondifferent spatial and temporal scales in investigative monitoring programs withemphasis on large rivers, which include a cage system from natural populations.Using a caging sistem for C. carpio, it was confirmed that the use of biometricparameters as biomarkers requires a longer exposure time, while the mostsensitive parameters were catalase enzyme activity, immune response andautophagy parameters and neuromarkers of neurotoxicity, especially the myelinbasic protein. Together with the detected substances in the serum and muscletissue of the individuals, the responses of the biomarkers of neurotoxicityindicated the presence of this group of pollutants at the analyzed localities. Theresults of biomarker analysis in fish from natural populations highlight theimportance of newly identified roles of different genes and proteins commonlyconsidered biomarkers of the effect, showing that changes in these parametersdo not necessarily indicate deterioration in fish health but should be interpretedas an adaptive response to chemical stress, rather than direct evidence of theenvironmental impact of in situ pollution. The case study on the wider spatialscale of the Danube River analyzed the effects of pollutants in naturalopulations of Alburnus alburnus, with no differences between the analyzedlocalities due to natural variability and small sample size, as well as the lack ofadequate reference locality. Among the analyzed parameters, the most sensitivewas the gene expression of the erk2 gene, which had the highest level ofcorrelation with the drug opipramol. Based on the results of biomarker analysisfrom both case studies, a system for aggregation of biomarker battery responsesand a diagnostic multiparametric set of tools for quantifying the in situ effectsof pollutant mixtures at the individual level, populations and communities wereapplied. The results of the multiparameter analysis of the results of the NoviSad case study confirmed that the pollution from untreated wastewater of thecity of Novi Sad, represents a significant pressure on the Danube. Theapplication of a multiparametric toolbox on a wider spatial scale (Danube casestudy) enabled the transformation of a large amount of data into unique matricesfor qualitative evaluation of analyzed sites, divided into classes with similarpatterns and interpreted based on matrices, with limitations and shortcomingssuch as the lack of data on the chronic toxicity of a large number of detectedsubstances, the lack of an adequate reference locality (which would be usefulin defining the range of responses for biomarkers for commonly used species)and the high natural variability of biomarker responses. In natural populations,it is convenient to use parameters that represent the cumulative effect ofexposure, such as body indices, bioaccumulation of substances and genotoxicityparameters, as biomarkers of the effec
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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