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Sains Islam dalam Pemikiran Seyyed Hossein Nasr
Full text linkMembincangkan pemikiran tentang agama dan sains
(atau ilmu pengetahuan) dalam Islam, seringkali berpijak pada 3 kategori, yaitu integrasi, islamisasi ilmu pengetahuan, dan pengembangan sains Islam. Sejatinya, 3 hal tersebut merepresentasikan sikap moderat umat Islam dalam menyeimbangkan posisi antara ilmu dan agama. Selain itu, sebenarnya masih terdapat 2 golongan lainnya, yaitu: pertama, mereka yang tidak mempercayai adanya tradisi keilmuan dalam Islam selain hanya meniru peradaban sebelumnya. Kedua, mereka yang tidak mementingkan penguasaan terhadap ilmu pengetahuan; karena
agama Islam cukup berpedoman pada petunjuk dari alQur’an dan hadits. Kedua golongan tersebut memang samasama ekstrem: entah menolak Islam atau menolak perkembangan Ilmu. Padahal, mu’jizat Rasulullah saw yang terbesar yakni al Qur’an; justru semakin kuat maknanya manakala dilihat dari berbagai perspektif keilmuan. AlQur’an dan Hadits pun, turut menekankan aspek rasionalempiris dalam menyelami makna petunjuk dari keduanya. Para penerus nabi dan sahabat, justru melahirkan banyak karya tulis yang brilian dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu tanpa meninggalkan tradisi mempelajari alQur’an
dan Hadits. Aspek tersebut, tentu disepakati oleh seluruh pengusung dari aliran Integrasi Ilmu, Islamisasi Ilmu, dan juga Sains Islam. Perbedaan dari ketiganya, hanya soal pendekatan. Ada yang melihat, bahwa perkembangan sains di dunia Islam berawal dari ‘perlunya’ umat Islam saat itu untuk mengintegrasikan sains dari peradaban nonIslam (Persia, Yunani, juga India) untuk mencapai keadilan dan kesejahteraan sosial. Contohnya, Umar bin Khattab yang mengintegrasikan sistem administrasi Persia
untuk diterapkan dalam lembaga pemerintahan. Termasuk,
penggunaan kertas dari peradaban Mesir yang terkenal saat
itu. Bahkan wacanawacana logika dalam Ilmu Kalam, konon
turut terinspirasi dari metafisika Yunani. Saat ini pun, ide untuk
mengintegrasikan sains modern ke dalam masyarakat muslim
juga dilandasi oleh pemikiran semacam ini.
Ada pula yang melihat secara filosofis. Bahwa sebelum
suatu sains dari peradaban nonIslam akan diintegrasikan, maka
ia mengalami seleksi, penyaringan, dan eliminasi pada bagian
bagian yang memang bertentangan dengan visi Islam tentang
realitas dan kebenaran. Sehingga, tersisa unsur teknis dan skema
operasional yang sama sekali tidak bertentangan dengan Islam.
Termasuk, secara sistematis produk sains ini hanya ‘bersandar’
pada sunnatullah. Inilah yang sejatinya diintegrasikan ke dalam
masyarakat Islam kala itu. Barulah pada fase selanjutnya, sains
tersebut dikembangkan melalui skema semacam ‘program riset’
menjadi Sains Islam. Contohnya, adalah model pengambilan
hukum (istinbat ahkam) yang dicontohkan oleh Ibnu Rusyd
dalam Bidāyah al-Mujtahid amat kental dengan logika semacam
qiyas, semiotika, dan lainnya dalam membaca sebab dari
perbedaan produk hukum antar madzhab Fiqh dalam Islam.
Termasuk pula – masih di sekitar Andalusia – ditemukannya
berbagai manuskrip tentang pertanian (lihat di http://filaha.
org/) dan masih banyak manuskrip Arab (baca: dari ilmuwan muslim) yang belum diedit untuk dikaji.
1
Jika memang orang muslim perlu berinteraksi dengan
sains modern (yakni, bukan berasal dari peradaban Islam),
maka ia tetap memerlukan pijakan epistemologis yang kokoh.
Agar tidak keliru memandang sains modern tersebut. Sudah
semestinya, bahwa fenomena sains modern dilihat dari sisi
nilainilai agama seperti maqāṡid syariah atau maṡlahat.
Sepanjang berkembangnya sains Barat, maka sepanjang itu
pula usaha umat Islam, khususnya saintis termasuk ulama,
turut menyikapi dan merespon perkembangan tersebut. Entah
dengan mendalami khazanah intelektual ulama terdahulu dan
merekonseptualisasinya; atau mengembangkan setidaknya
kajian tentang isuisu kontemporer yang dicarikan padanannya
dari unsur agama. Baik juga untuk menawarkan hasil kajian
atas aspek hukum dalam sains modern tersebut. Kesemuanya,
setidaknya ditujukan agar mencapai keseimbangan antara teks
dan konteks, serta harmoni antara akal dan wahyu.
Adanya 3 gerakan di atas, menunjukkan bahwa nilai
nilai Islam yang dimaknai dengan tepat, haruslah mendorong
produktifitas. Meyakini bahwa Allah Maha Memberi Rezeki,
bukan berarti mendorong kita untuk ongkang-ongkang sambil
menunggu rezeki yang ‘konon’ akan tiba begitu saja. Bagi seorang
penuntut ilmu yang juga mendalami ilmu agama, tidak cukup
untuk sekedar meyakini bahwa Allahlah yang memberikan ilmu
sejati tanpa usaha melakukan penelitian, mengkaji literatur,
bahkan memverifikasi fakta-fakta empiris apapun. Buku ini, menghadirkan salah satu tokoh penting dalam
melihat adanya 3 aspek (integrasi, islamisasi, dan sains Islam)
yang terjadi saat peradaban Islam bertemu dengan nonIslam.
Narasi yang digunakan oleh Seyyed Hossein Nasr – seorang
filsuf tradisionalis – untuk menggambarkan tradisi intelektual
dalam Islam adalah Sains Suci (Scientia Sacra). Etos ilmiah yang
dihasilkan olehnya, sangat layak untuk dikaji secara mendalam.
Khususnya dari segi persoalanpersoalan yang berhasil
diselesaikan dengan pemikirannya tentang hubungan antara
Islam dan sains; berikut pula antara Islam dan Barat. Tokoh ini,
tentu dapat dikatakan sezaman dengan Syed Muhammad Naquib
alAttas; sebagai pencetus dan pemrakarsa istilah ‘Islamisasi
Ilmu’. Termasuk pula sezaman dengan tokoh aliran ‘integrasi
ilmu’ seperti Holmes Rolston III dan Ian Barbour, juga Maurice
Bucaille pencetus ‘ayatisasi’.
Tawaran penting dalam buku ini, sejatinya mencerminkan
perspektif baru dalam melihat Sains Islam sebagai agenda dan
fakta historis. Khususnya, karena buku yang berada di hadapan
pembaca ini menawarkan pembacaan produktif, (atau qira’ah
muntijah – dalam bahasa Nasr Hamid dan Abied al Jabiri)
berbasis filsafat ilmu Imre Lakatos terhadap kemungkinan
pengembangan sains Islam yang bukan sekedar ayatisasi atau
integrasi. Melainkan dapat memposisikan narasi ‘Islamisasi
Ilmu’ sebagai suatu ‘program riset’ yang bertanggungjawab
dalam melahirkan produk sains yang Islami di masa depan nanti.
Ini tentu menjadi salah satu bagian dari kontribusi
penulis, yakni assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Muslih, M.Ag dan Nur
Akhda Sabila, MAg. dalam melihat secara kritis perkembangan tradisi intelektual Islam di masa kini dari segi produktivitasnya;
serta kemampuan responnya atas perkembangan sains modern.
Upaya ini didukung dengan kerja keras keduanya dalam melihat
kembali literatur karya Seyyed Hossein Nasr yang secara khusus
menawarkan paradigma Sains Suci (Scientia Sacra) di era
modern ini
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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