14 research outputs found
Rapid assessment of peripheral visual crowding
Full text linkVisual crowding, the phenomenon in which the ability to distinguish objects is hindered in cluttered environments, has critical implications for various ophthalmic and neurological disorders. Traditional methods for assessing crowding involve time-consuming and attention-demanding psychophysical tasks, making routine examination challenging. This study sought to compare trial-based Alternative Forced-Choice (AFC) paradigms using either manual or eye movement responses and a continuous serial search paradigm employing eye movement responses to evaluate their efficiency in rapidly assessing peripheral crowding. In all paradigms, we manipulated the orientation of a central Gabor patch, which could be presented alone or surrounded by six Gabor patches. We measured participants' target orientation discrimination thresholds using adaptive psychophysics to assess crowding magnitude. Depending on the paradigm, participants either made saccadic eye movements to the target location or responded manually by pressing a key or moving a mouse. We compared these paradigms in terms of crowding magnitude, assessment time, and paradigm demand. Our results indicate that employing eye movement-based paradigms for assessing peripheral visual crowding yields results faster compared to paradigms that necessitate manual responses. Furthermore, when considering similar levels of confidence in the threshold measurements, both a novel serial search paradigm and an eye movement-based 6AFC paradigm proved to be the most efficient in assessing crowding magnitude. Additionally, crowding estimates obtained through either the continuous serial search or the 6AFC paradigms were consistently higher than those obtained using the 2AFC paradigms. Lastly, participants did not report a clear difference between paradigms in terms of their perceived demand. In conclusion, both the continuous serial search and the 6AFC eye movement response paradigms enable a fast assessment of visual crowding. These approaches may potentially facilitate future routine crowding assessment. However, the usability of these paradigms in specific patient populations and specific purposes should be assessed.</p
Measuring spatial and temporal properties of visual crowding using continuous psychophysics
Full text linkVisual crowding refers to the difficulty in recognizing objects in the periphery when surrounded by clutter. Traditional trial-based paradigms, while effective in measuring spatial aspects of crowding, do not capture the temporal dynamics involved. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of a continuous psychophysics paradigm that measures both the spatial extent and temporal processes of visual crowding. Eight participants continuously tracked the orientation of a rotating Landolt C while the distance between the target and a ring-shaped flanker varied systematically over time. Participants set a reference stimulus to match the orientation of the target. The paradigm included “jump-points,” where the orientation of the target suddenly shifted, allowing us to measure the recovery rate of participants’ tracking errors following these disruptions. Tracking accuracy was compared between flanked and isolated conditions. Additionally, participants’ report errors were used to assess both the crowding extent and the temporal recovery rate from the jumps, with the crowding extent results compared with those obtained from a conventional trial-based version of the paradigm. The recovery rate was calculated by fitting an exponential decay function to participants’ report errors after the jumps. The results showed that the crowding extent measured using the continuous paradigm was consistent with that obtained using trial-based methods and aligned with Bouma’s rule. Moreover, flankers decreased both tracking accuracy and recovery rate following the jumps. These results demonstrate that our continuous psychophysics paradigm is useful for measuring the spatiotemporal aspects of crowding.</p
Data_Sheet_1_Rapid assessment of peripheral visual crowding.docx
No full textVisual crowding, the phenomenon in which the ability to distinguish objects is hindered in cluttered environments, has critical implications for various ophthalmic and neurological disorders. Traditional methods for assessing crowding involve time-consuming and attention-demanding psychophysical tasks, making routine examination challenging. This study sought to compare trial-based Alternative Forced-Choice (AFC) paradigms using either manual or eye movement responses and a continuous serial search paradigm employing eye movement responses to evaluate their efficiency in rapidly assessing peripheral crowding. In all paradigms, we manipulated the orientation of a central Gabor patch, which could be presented alone or surrounded by six Gabor patches. We measured participants’ target orientation discrimination thresholds using adaptive psychophysics to assess crowding magnitude. Depending on the paradigm, participants either made saccadic eye movements to the target location or responded manually by pressing a key or moving a mouse. We compared these paradigms in terms of crowding magnitude, assessment time, and paradigm demand. Our results indicate that employing eye movement-based paradigms for assessing peripheral visual crowding yields results faster compared to paradigms that necessitate manual responses. Furthermore, when considering similar levels of confidence in the threshold measurements, both a novel serial search paradigm and an eye movement-based 6AFC paradigm proved to be the most efficient in assessing crowding magnitude. Additionally, crowding estimates obtained through either the continuous serial search or the 6AFC paradigms were consistently higher than those obtained using the 2AFC paradigms. Lastly, participants did not report a clear difference between paradigms in terms of their perceived demand. In conclusion, both the continuous serial search and the 6AFC eye movement response paradigms enable a fast assessment of visual crowding. These approaches may potentially facilitate future routine crowding assessment. However, the usability of these paradigms in specific patient populations and specific purposes should be assessed.</p
A comparative study of discursive strategies among the narrators in the works The shadow of the wind and The inexistent knight
No full textThis research aims to perform a comparative analytical study of the way of saying among the narrators of
the works “The Shadow of the Wind” (2007) and “The Nonexistent Knight” (2005). The first, a best seller written by the Spanish author Carlos Ruiz Zafón. A novel surrounded by mysteries that revolve around the saga of Daniel, the narrator-character of the narrative that goes in search of the author of the book “The Shadow of the Wind”, Julian
Carax. The second work is the classic of the writer Italo Calvino respected in the current criticism, mainly in process of
creation of what is elected as a true work of art. In order to reach this objective, the narrator´s narrative strategies that
envolve the reader have been observed, making him/her feel part of the work or as Barthes (2004) refers to the reader,
as a crossimg of the text. Beyond these strategies certain skills were observed such as the use of irony and metaphor.
This study also makes an inquiry on how a writer, who is part of the paraliterature, can capture the reader with his
narrative game and sell so many copies? The proposal starts from a comparative investigation between Calvino
remarkable literature based on the traditional romanesque form, specifically, in this novel the criative imagination is
used, how the author himself calls this creative process, in another theoretical work of visibility, with the non-classical
writing of Zafón, the one that gains enough space and readers within the art of narrating, but still seen as problematic or
without those fictional elements that would characterize a true literary work. Thus, despite attracting so many readers,
the author is far from the academic space, because it is not part of literary studies. The following aspects were chosen
for this analyses: the types of narrators, the ways of narrating and the death of the author. These strands perpetuate a
comparison between the personalities who narrate each work in order to unravel the commonalities and the
incongruities between them, through a critical analysis of a bibliographical research based on the studies of Calvino
(1990), Eco (1932), Barthes (1973/2003/2004), Compagnon (2010), Foucault (2009).Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar um estudo analítico comparativo do modo de dizer entre os
narradores das obras “A sombra do vento” (2007) e “O cavaleiro inexistente” (2005). A primeira um best seller escrita
pelo autor espanhol Carlos Ruiz Zafón. Um romance cercado de mistérios que giram em torno da saga de Daniel, o
narrador-personagem da narrativa que sai em busca do autor do livro A sombra do vento, Julian Carax. A segunda obra é
o clássico do escritor Italo Calvino respeitado na crítica vigente, principalmente, no processo de criação do que se elege
como uma verdadeira obra de arte. Para alcançar tal objetivo observaram-se no narrador as estratégias narrativas que
envolvem o leitor fazendo com que ele sinta-se parte da obra ou como Barthes (2004) se refere ao leitor, como travessia
do texto. Além dessas estratégias observaram-se certas habilidades como o emprego de ironia e metáfora. Este estudo
faz ainda uma indagação de como um escritor que faz parte da paraliteratura, consegue prender o leitor com seu jogo
narrativo e vender tantos exemplares? A proposta parte de uma investigação comparativa entre a literatura marcante de
Calvino fundada na tradicional forma romanesca, especificamente, nesse romance utiliza-se da imaginação criadora, o
que o próprio autor denomina esse processo criativo, em outra obra teórica de visibilidade, com a escritura não-clássica
de Zafón, aquela que ganha bastante espaço e leitores dentro da arte de narrar, porém ainda vista como problemática ou
sem aqueles elementos ficcionais do que seria a verdadeira obra literária. Dessa forma, apesar de conquistar tantos
leitores, o referido autor encontra-se distante dos espaços acadêmicos, pois não faz parte dos estudos literários.
Elegeram-se para essa análise as seguintes vertentes: os tipos de narradores, as formas de narrar e a morte do autor. Tais
vertentes perpetram uma comparação entre as personalidades que narram cada obra, a fim de desvendar os pontos em
comum e as incongruências entre ambas, através de uma análise crítica realizada por meio de uma pesquisa
bibliográfica embasada nos estudos de Calvino (1990), Eco (1994), Barthes (2004), Compagnon (2010), Foucault
(2009)
A comparative analysis of the Indian as a hero in the works "O Guarani" by José de Alencar and "Guerra da Cabanagem - forgotten heroes" by Ademar Xico Gruber
No full textThis research has as object of study to compare the figure of the Indian as a hero in the works “O
Guarani” (1857) by José de Alencar and “War of Cabanagem- forgotten Heroes” (2007) by Ademar Xico
Gruber, seeking to investigate whether the figure of the Indian as a hero had changes in relation to his
representation in Alencar's 19th century narrative, and in Gruber's contemporary novel in the 19th century.
XXI. Also carrying out a study of the characteristics of the time and the position in the face of the European colonizer,
as manifestations of nationalism. In which from the analysis we can raise how each author
constructed the Indian as a hero, noting the relationships between Indianism, linked to a representation of the
nationality in José de Alencar and the representation of a regional hero in Ademar Xico Gruber. For
to support this research, the following theorists were used: Barbosa (2008), Bergson (2006); Bosi
(1992); Bosi (1977); Coutinho (2002), Coutinho (2008), Candido (1972), Candido (1997), Candido (1999),
Chartier (2001), Chartier (2011); Faraco (2006); Freyre (1987); (Freitas (1986), (Picchio (2004); Sodré
(2004); Sodré (1969), Santos (2009), Roncari (2002). These authors provided the knowledge base
through their studies to enrich the information. The procedure method used is the
historical, comparative and monographic. As for typology, we will use research techniques
direct and indirect documentation, through bibliographic research and documental research.Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo comparar a figura do índio como herói nas obras “O
Guarani” (1857) de José de Alencar e “Guerra da Cabanagem- Heróis esquecidos” (2007) de Ademar Xico
Gruber, buscando investigar se a figura do índio como herói teve modificações em relação a sua
representação na narrativa de Alencar do século XIX, e no romance contemporâneo de Gruber no século
XXI. Realizando ainda, um estudo das características da época e a posição em face do colonizador europeu,
como manifestações do nacionalismo. Nos quais a partir da análise possamos suscitar como cada autor
construiu o índio como herói, notando as relações entre o Indianismo, atrelado a uma representação da
nacionalidade em José de Alencar e da representação de um herói regional, em Ademar Xico Gruber. Para
fundamentar esta pesquisa foram utilizados os seguintes teóricos: Barbosa (2008), Bergson (2006); Bosi
(1992); Bosi (1977); Coutinho (2002), Coutinho (2008), Candido (1972), Candido (1997), Candido (1999),
Chartier (2001), Chartier (2011); Faraco (2006); Freyre (1987); (Freitas (1986), (Picchio (2004); Sodré
(2004); Sodré (1969), Santos (2009), Roncari (2002). Estes autores forneceram a base de conhecimento
através de seus estudos para o enriquecimento das informações. O método de procedimento utilizado é o
histórico, comparativo e monográfico. Quanto a tipologia, utilizaremos as técnicas de pesquisas
documentação direta e indireta, através de pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental
Predicting cognitive effort: role of mental energy, performance feedback, arithmetic skill, and caffeine
No full text
Effortful behavior sustains family life, makes careers, and improves mental health. Effort is a motivational construct that is typically distinguished from physical and mental energy in diagnostic systems. However, overlapping neural substrates pertaining to the dopamine system tie these constructs together. To shed light on this conflict, here we assessed the individual contributions of mental energy, performance feedback, arithmetic skill, and caffeine to effortful decision-making in a novel, low-cost, high-throughput behavioral task that we designed to measure known dopaminergic functions. In this task, participants chose to expend high or low cognitive effort, solving arithmetic questions in working memory, while taking into account the size of reward associated with each choice, and also the likelihood of winning the reward. We found that individuals high in mental energy chose to expend high cognitive effort when the reward probability was high, but that low energy individuals made fewer high effort choices even when the rewards were likely. High energy individuals prioritized feedback from high effort tasks, whereas low energy individuals responded to feedback from low effort tasks. Arithmetic accuracy, a reward contingency, was predicted by an index of arithmetic skill and caffeine consumption. Shared variances between mental energy, arithmetic accuracy, and cognitive effort point to overlapping substrates. Insights gained have important implications for job and academic environments in which mental effort is key to success. </p
The Effect of Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements on the Visibility of Low-Contrast Chromatic Stimuli in the Presence of Contextual Motion
No full textÖz bulunamadı
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements Alter the Contrast Sensitivity for Drifting Achromatic Gratings
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Greenflex slope protecton systems
No full textFor the protection of dilce slopes and river banks Dutch designers frequently use block revetments. At this moment the international market for block revetments is increasing because the smooth surface and aesthetic appearance of the slope has an increasing importance. It makes the water line accessible to bathers and fishermen and it also enables an integrated design in the scenery, which is important for highly populated areas, such as near a coastal city. GreenBanks has developed a prefabricated block-mattress called GREENFLEX®. This system consists of linked concrete blocks. The linking of the GREENFLEX® blocks, in combination with the interlocking between these blocks, gives a higher stability of the revetment compared to normal block revetments. This report will give an description of the GREENFLEX® system. The stability ofthe blocks will be described in Chapter 3 "Design procedure". Large model tests in the Delta flume of WL I Delft Hydraulics will be used to illustrate the stability of the block-mattress under wave attack. In Chapter 4 two examples of a design with the GREENFLEX® system will be described
Narrativas Sateré-Mawé : oralidade e dramatização
No full textThis works presents the production of the four dramatized texts based on the oral narratives of Sateré-Mawé
taken from the book `The beautiful Stories of Sateré-Mawé.’ In oder to make this research more concrete it was
necessary to study the oral texts for the performances of the witness of the human voice as the principal part of
the literary text. Talking from the panoramic point of view about the presence of the ethnic group of Sateré-
Mawé who live at the bottom of the Amazona as well as the image made of the Indian in the 19th century until it
had its won recognition as Sateré Indian while it became the part of the current context. Also if studied the
narrations, dialoguing with the literary, philosophical and anthropological thought as to attribute it a scientific
features. Finally it reflects on the dramatization of the narratives of the Sateré-Mawé and the process of the
creating the texts in the dramatical language. On creating the articulation of the narratives and offering them
new meaning of the theatrical language, seeks for itself the aesthetic pleasure and the regain of memory. This
research has important theoretical studies as the bases about the concept of myth in the studies made by Barthes
(2012),the primitive studies of the analysis made by Lévi-Strauss (1986), and the studies of Paul Zumthor (1997,
2007) that brings a wide range of approach on the oral literature. One of the concepts dealt, is the performance
that is in the concept of this author, the competence of the subject depends on that he knows to do, to say and to
be in the space and time at his accomplishment. As the studies of Walter Benjamin (1994), in his rehearsal 'The
Narrator' in which he analyses that the true narrator would be the one knows to give advices. And the only one
who is closest to the oral narrators is the narrator par excellence because he exchanges experiences with the
public.
KEY WORDS: Narratives. Sateré-Mawé. Theater. orality (speakig skills).Este trabalho apresenta a produção de quatro textos teatralizados, baseados nas narrativas orais Sateré-Mawé
contidas no livro “As bonitas histórias Sateré-Maué” de Henrique Uggé. Para concretização desta pesquisa foi
necessário estudar o texto oral a partir da performance da presença da voz humana, como parte constituinte do
texto literário. De forma panorâmica, discorreu-se sobre a presença da etnia Sateré-Mawé, no Baixo Amazonas
bem como a imagem que se fez do índio, no século XIX, até o próprio reconhecimento do índio sateré ao inserirse
no contexto atual. Também se estudou as narrativas, dialogando com pensamentos literários, filosóficos e
antropológicos para atribuir-lhe um caráter científico. Finalmente, reflete-se sobre a teatralização das narrativas
Sateré-Mawé e o processo de criação desses textos na linguagem teatral. Ao recriar o espaço de enunciação das
narrativas e ressignificá-las na linguagem teatral, busca-se o prazer estético e o resgate da memória. Esta
pesquisa tem como principais bases teóricas os estudos sobre a concepção de mito nos estudos de Barthes
(2012), as narrativas primitivas a partir das análises de Lévi-Strauss (1986), Os estudos de Paul Zumthor (1997,
2007) que traz uma ampla abordagem teórica sobre a literatura oral. Um dos conceitos tratados é o da
performance que é, na concepção deste autor, a competência de um sujeito que sabe fazer, sabe dizer e sabe ser
no tempo e no espaço específico para sua execução, bem como os estudos de Walter Benjamin (1994), no ensaio
“O Narrador” no qual analisa aquele que seria o verdadeiro narrador, ou seja, aquele homem que sabe dar
conselhos. E, somente aquele que mais se aproximar dos narradores orais é o narrador por excelência porque
troca experiência com o público.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Narrativas. Sateré-Mawé. Teatro. Oralidade
