1,720,999 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
From Global Commons to Territorial Seas: A Naval Analogy for the Nationalization of Cyberspace
Full text linkAs one of the engines of modern globalization, the internet is perceived as having broken down barriers between cultures, ideologies and societies, and created a “democratization of technology.” An analogy generated by this perception is that cyberspace is a “global common” similar to the oceanic “high seas” to which individuals and nations can (or at least should) maintain equal and unfettered access. Not only is this analogy incorrect, its usage makes it is hard for political decision-makers to grasp the enormity of the threat to American infrastructure, global trade, and current prosperity posed by our cyber vulnerabilities. The reality is that authoritarian governments—with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the lead—have transformed the cyber “global common” into “territorial seas” in which others pass unmolested only at their sufferance, and to which access can be denied. Unfortunately, once an analogy takes hold in the popular or academic minds, it becomes the central core of explanation and defies most logical counter-arguments. The analogy of cyberspace as a global common must be killed and replaced if decision-makers are to comprehend the future of the medium, which is not a return to unfettered global access. We must clearly admit that cyber activity sails on a mosaic of adjoining territorial seas, not a vast, open ocean. Cyberspace is a nationalizing and militarizing environment of coast guards and forward outposts. This different analogy will assist in creating a mind-set that helps insure that Western democratic infrastructure does not go down with the digital ship
The Wisdom on Terror
Full text linkThe shock of the 11 September attacks prompted an immediate renewal of pub- lic interest in books on terrorism, a genre that attracted considerable attention in the 1970s but had since maintained primarily an academic readership. Sales of books on terrorist groups, Islamic fundamentalism, and American policies toward terrorism skyrocketed. Some are reissues, some are newly published scholarly works, while others advocate specific policies to be followed. To under- stand the current wisdom on this topic requires an examination of all three categories
Sea Basing—Concept, Issues, and Recommendations
Full text linkIn a flat or shrinking defense budget, resources for the joint capability of sea basing will become contentious. However, a prudent strategy for the United States in uncertain times is to balance long-range capabilities based in the continental United States with highly maneuverable and well defended sea bases
Anti-Submarine Warfare and Arms Control : An Inevitable Collision?
Full text linkUntil the development of nuclear fission, no weapon of war had generated more public controversy than the submarine. Calls for its abolition and/or treaty restrictions on submarine operations and construction have been the staple of the 20th century disarmament movement. If this movement can be thought of as a coherent historical trend with its origin in The Hague Conferences of 1898 and 1907, its development has been a contemporary parallel to that of the submarine: from intellectual curiosity to a routine, powerful and exploitable political force
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