72 research outputs found
Analyses of Urban Storm Water Quantity and Quality in Singapore
No full text近年來新加坡因為經濟、工業的迅速發展以及生活品質提升，促使遊憩、觀光業蓬勃發展，在高度開發下，集水區內不透水面積逐漸增加，使得地表的透水率及水源涵養能力降低，造成地表逕流與暴雨洪峰流量增加，因此地表的污染物質大量被沖刷至河川水體，造成水質惡化。研究之目的在建立一套方法來評估集水區長期流量及污染負荷量。研究過程中，先收集相關流量及水質資料以供模擬之用。在流量方面，應用美國環保署(U.S.EPA)所研發之暴雨分析模式XP-SWMM，推估克蘭芝(Kranji)集水區暴雨逕流量，並利用經驗公式推估基流量，相加得到總流量，再利用總流量分別估算雨天和晴天的流量。另一方面，本研究利用事件濃度平均法(event mean concentration，EMC)及建立暴雨時期污染物與流量之關係式(rating curve)模擬雨天(wet weather)之負荷量；晴天(dry weather) 負荷量則是利用平均濃度法來推估，最後在評估不同土地使用下，對污染負荷量之影響，研究結果顯示，超過87%之總懸浮固體(TSS)於暴雨逕流帶到承受水體；此外，子集水區CP1、CP2、CP6和CP7測站大部份污染物都是經由暴雨逕流進入承受水體，而子集水區CP4( 23%墓地與8%之軍用地)之污染主要來自晴天污染量，除了總磷(TP)、磷酸鹽(OP)、溶解性有機磷(DOP)、總溶解磷磷酸鹽(TDP)和總懸浮固體(TSS)以外。研究提出之分析方法可提供未設測站之鄰近集水區評估水質與地表逕流之情況；在暴雨時期之水質模擬結果亦可提供下游水庫或原水處理廠決策之重要參考依據。Urbanization has occurred in Singapore over the recent decades concurrent with the growth of Singapore’s population and economy. The process of urbanization has significantly impacted both the storm runoff volume and the timing and magnitude of the peak runoff rate. Urbanization also increases the variety and amount of pollutants transported to receiving waters, causing surface water quality deterioration. Studies on stormwater quantity and quality are hence vital for planning and managing water resources for catchments subjected to human perturbations. The objective of this study is to develop an approach for estimating long term runoffs and pollutant loadings for the Kranji catchment in Singapore, particularly as functions of land use. he study first established the rainfall-total runoff relationships and total runoff-pollutant loading rate relationships in Kranji Catchment, Singapore. Storm water data were measured and used for calibration and verification of the XP-SWMM model. The calibrated XP-SWMM model was then applied for continuous simulation of catchment runoffs over the 2005-2007 period. The results from XP-SWMM simulations showed that the model is capable of providing good results for continuous flow simulations, and is highly efficient for the estimation of urban storm water direct runoff volumes. he relationship between rainfall and runoff for the gauged period at each study site shows good correlations. The runoff coefficient (total flow/rainfall ratio) is found to be a function of the total rainfall and land use. In comparing gauging stations CP2 with CP4, the average runoff coefficient is about 3 times higher for CP2, which has the largest proportional area which is developed, around 68%, comprising mainly residential land use with high impervious land cover. In contrast, CP4, which has the largest proportional previous areas, has the lowest runoff coefficient of 0.13. his study covered thirteen water quality parameters which are considered relevant for water quality management: ammonium-equivalent nitrogen (NH3-N), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), total nitrogen (TN), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), nitrate+nitrite (NOx), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), total phosphate (TP), total dissolved phosphate (TDP), ortho-phosphate (OP), dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP), silica (SiO2), and total suspended solids (TSS). A good knowledge of the relative pollutant load contributions from dry-weather flow (DWF) and wet-weather flow (WWF) could provide useful guides for implementing effective and efficient water quality management measures for the sub-catchments. This study uses a regression approach to estimates the WWF loads, and uses the monitored data to estimate the DWF loads. The annual DWF and WWF pollutant loadings were characterized over the 2005-2007 period. For nearly all the pollutants studied, contributions from WWF are greater than DWF at CP1, CP2, CP6 and CP7. However, almost all quality parameters show larger contributions from DWF than WWF at CP4, except for TP, TDP, DOP, OP and TSS. The results suggest that DWF quality control measures may be important for CP4. On the other hand, WWF quality management may be important for CP1, CP2, CP6 and CP7. he analytical approach developed in this study can be applied to other ungauged watersheds near the study site. The results of this study will provide a better understanding on both the flow and nutrient loading into the reservoir which will aid the overall management objective of nutrient load reduction.誌謝 i要 iiBSTRACT iiiIST OF CONTENTS vIST OF FIGURES viiIST OF TABLES ixhapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Objective and Scope of the Study 2.3 Organization of the Thesis 3hapter 2 Literature Review 5.1 Storm Runoff Modeling 5.2 Impact of Non-Point Source Pollution 11hapter 3 Study Site Description 17.1 Kranji Reservoir 17.2 Kranji Watershed 18.3 Gauging Station 20.3.1 Channel Cross-Section 25.4 Meteorological Condition 27hapter 4 Methodology 29.1 Description of XP-SWMM Model 29.1.1 Overview of XP-SWMM Capabilities 29.1.2 RUNOFF Block Routing Method 32.1.3 Rainfall Abstraction Methods 36.1.4 Routing Methods 36.1.5 Hydrograph Separation 37.1.6 Generation of Baseflow 38.1.7 Sensitivity Analyses 41.1.8 Evaluation Criteria 49.2 Load Estimation Method 50.2.1 Dry-Weather Flow Load Calculation 50.2.2 Wet-Weather Flow Load Calculation 52.2.3 Regression Analysis 53.2.4 Annual Pollutant Loadings 55hapter 5 Results and Discussion 59.1 Calibration and Verification Results for CP1, CP2, CP4, and CP7 59.1.1 Long-Term Runoff Simulation 69.2 Impact of Land Use on Runoff-Loading Rates 74.2.1 Analysis of Event Mean Concentrations 74.2.2 Analysis based on Rating Curve 76.2.3 Analysis based on Simple Method 92hapter 6 Conclusions &Recommendations 95.1 Conclusions 95.2 Recommendations 98EFERENCES 99PPENDIX APPENDIX BPPENDIX CPPENDIX DPPENDIX
sj-docx-1-dst-10.1177_19322968231157387 – Supplemental material for Telemonitoring With a Connected Glucose Meter Improves Glycemia Among People With Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-dst-10.1177_19322968231157387 for Telemonitoring With a Connected Glucose Meter Improves Glycemia Among People With Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes by Suresh Rama Chandran, Hong Chang Tan, Qifan Chen, Phong Ching Lee, Daphne Su-Lyn Gardner, Yun Ann Chin, Amanda Yun Rui Lam, Ming Ming Teh and Yong Mong Bee in Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology</p
The Conception of "nien-fo" in the Ching-t'u-shih-i-lun (Treatise on the Ten Doubts Concerning the Pure Land)
No full textThis thesis examines the conception of "nien-fo" (literally, "thinking of the Buddha") in the Ching-t'u-shih-i-lun, an eighth century Chinese text on the Buddha Amitābha and his Western Pure Land. Nien-fo has always been an important part of religious practice for many different schools of Buddhism in China, especially for the T'ien-t'ai and Pure Land schools. In T'ien-t'ai Buddhism, the nien-fo samādhi is considered as a means to accomplish concentration and insight; it is but one among the various methods of mediatation. Considered as such, the nien-fo practice implies that salvation is achieved through the practitioner's own diligent cultivation of mind. On the other hand, the Pure Land nien-fo samādhi is essentially devout invocation of tho name of Amitābha Buddha. Nien-fo as invocation emphasizes salvation as an act of the Great Compassion of Amitābha. The concern of this thesis is to clarify the link between these fundamental meanings of nien-fo in the context of one particular text in which both forms or the practice appear. The first chapter gives an overview of the T'ien-t'ai and Pure Land practices of nien-fo based upon a careful analysis of relevant passages taken from standard works of the two schools. The second chapter undertakes a thorough examination of the nien-fo concept in the Ching-t'u-shih-i-lun. The thesis concludes with a look at the relationship between the meditational and devotional paths to salvation in Chinese Buddhism. The two paths are essentially related, expressing two aspects of the bodhisattva path.Master of Arts (MA
Analyses of suspended solid and nutrient loading in catchments with mixed landuse in Kranji, Singapore
No full textUrbanization has occurred in Singapore over the recent decades concurrent with the growth of Singapore’s population and economy. The process of urbanization has significantly impacted both the storm runoff volume and the timing and magnitude of the peak runoff rate. Urbanization also increases the variety and amount of pollutants transported to receiving waters, causing surface water quality deterioration. Studies on stormwater quantity and quality are hence vital for planning and managing water resources for catchments subjected to human perturbations. The objective of this study is to develop an approach for estimating long term runoffs and pollutant loadings for the Kranji catchment in Singapore, particularly as functions of land use.MASTER OF ENGINEERING (CEE
Teleconferencing : Singapore a global village?
No full textTeleconferencing has become a hot topic among the newspapers, journals
and media lately in Singapore As can be seen from the report in the Straits
Times on May 16, 1994, (as found in the appendix I) more companies are
expressing interest in t2leconferencing, a relr:tively new development in
communication. Since then, there have been other articles on the possible
uses of teleconferencing in, Singapore such as the courtrooms and homes
What is teleconferencing exactly0 How does it affect us as users in the
business world and at home? What are some of the factors to consider
before implementation? In this report, we will try to address these
questions in the Singapore context.
At present, although there is a significant amount of interest shown in
teleconferencing due to successful marketing by the telecommunications
industry, companies are still apprehensive of venturing into such a new
innovation. In fact, there are many grey areas unresolved in the subject of
teleconferencing that we have not attempted to cover. Instead we
concentrate mainly on the human aspects of teleconferencing that
companies in Singapore are concerned with currently
Teleconferencing is one of the great developments in technology and this
may well lead us into a future world of networking via telephone, television
and computer. Teleconferencing has come about because of the need to
communicate promptly. We have the power to make teleconferencing a
way of livingACCOUNTANC
Isolation, Characterization and Synthesis of a Phenyl-substituted Pyrrole Isolated from the Flavonoid Fraction of Mānuka Honey
No full textCompound 1, which occurs in the flavonoid fraction of mānuka honey and showed a statistical correlation with the non-peroxide antibacterial activity of the honeys, was extracted from fifteen kilograms of mānuka honey using Amberlite XAD-2 resin and liquid-liquid extraction, and isolated by a combination of Sephadex-LH20 column chromatography and HPLC. Characterization of 1 was achieved by one and 2D- 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS and 1 was identified as 2-formyl-5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-pyrrole. In addition to 1, two other non-flavonoids were isolated from the flavonoid fraction and their identities confirmed as caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid. Synthesis of 9 (3-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-(oxazol-4-yl) propan-1-one), an intermediate in the route to 1, gave a yield of 67.5% as a pale yellow crystals after crystallization from CH2Cl2/hexane. Synthesis of 1 from 9 only resulted in barely traceable amount of 1. The dominant product after recrystallization from CH2Cl2/hexane was 10 ((E)-1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-(oxazol-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-one) which was the dehydrated analogue of 9. The synthesis of 1 was repeated. The product mixture was fractionated on a silica gel column, followed by two cycles of preparative layer chromatography applied to the fractions which contained 1 and yield 0.36 mg of 1 (0.00179 mmol, 0.2%)
Comparative reinsurance practices of composite insurance companies in relation to domestic business and their selection criteria of reinsurers
No full textReinsurance play a vital role in the operations of an insurance
company because it provides the ceding company with the necessary
protection and allows it to increase its capacity.
The reinsurance needs and practices of the life and general
insurance companies differ, to some extent, because life insurance
is usually long-term unlike general insurance which is
renewable yearly.
This report attempts to give the reader an insight into the
reinsurance practices of the life and general insurance companies
in Singapore. It is based on a survey of several life and general
insurance companies.
From the survey, it is discovered that the most important selection
criteria for reinsurance ( from the perspective of both life and
general insurance companies
stability of reinsurers.BUSINES
Use of age-dependent FRAX-based intervention thresholds for Singapore
No full textAssessment and treatment pathways based on age-specific intervention thresholds in Singapore using FRAX paths can be used to identify patients at high risk of fracture and avoid unnecessary treatment in those at low risk.PURPOSE: Intervention thresholds for the treatment of osteoporosis have been based historically on the measurement of bone mineral density. The development of FRAX® has permitted a more accurate assessment of fracture risk. The aim of the present study was to explore treatment paths and characteristics of women selected for treatment in Singapore based on FRAX.METHODS: The approach to the setting of intervention and assessment thresholds used the methodology adopted by the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group for FRAX-based guidelines in the UK but based on the epidemiology of fracture and death in Singapore. The methodology was applied to women age 50 years or more drawn from the population-based Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS) cohort. Missing data for the calculation of FRAX was simulated using data from Chinese cohorts from Hong Kong.RESULTS: Intervention thresholds expressed as a 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture ranged from 2.9% at the age of 50 years increasing to 32% at the age of 90 years. A total of 1927 of 29,323 women (7%) had a prior fragility fracture and would be eligible for treatment for this reason. An additional 3019 women (10.3%) would be eligible for treatment on the basis of age-dependent thresholds. The mean BMD T-score of women so selected was -2.94.CONCLUSION: Probability-based assessment of fracture risk using age-specific intervention thresholds was developed for Singapore to help guide decisions about treatment.</p
Community-Based Participatory Action Research (CBPAR) on the Enhancement of the ABACA (Musa Textiles Nee) Production System in Las Navas, Northern Samar, Philippines
No full textCommunity-Based Participatory Action Research (CBPAR) on the Enhancement of the Abaca Production in Las Navas, Northern Samar, is a technical extension service, intervention designed to respond to the pressing problems of the abaca industry. This author tapped by the Ching Bee Trading Corporation (CBT) - a private abaca fiber export company, inspired by its sincere commitment in alleviating the low abaca production in Northern Samar viewed in a previous five-year productivity status survey. Iidentifying key challenges, assessing existing practices, and developing innovative solutions, this study seeks to improve the livelihoods of local farmers and contribute to sustainable agricultural development. Data collection involved interviews, surveys, and observations, followed by analysis of the findings. The results revealed significant constraints related to abaca fiber quality, pests, and limited access to markets. Based on these findings, recommendations for improving abaca cultivation practices and strengthening value chains were developed. The project's success in fostering community engagement and capacity building has paved the way for further initiatives to promote sustainable agriculture in the province and region. The compelling outcome of declining fiber production for the last five years came into a condition compromising the fiber production and quality, prompted Ching Bee Trading Corporation to invest on an intervention directly in the countryside as a way of helping our abaca farmers together with the other stakeholders in finding solutions to revitalize the industry, hence this study. This CBPAR project in order to concretize its impacts and attain its vision, goals and objectives adopted these approach: 1.) the need to expand community-based managed abaca nurseries into an individual contract abaca growing; 2.) the conduct of a study on the physical characterization of local abaca varieties in Las Navas (Collection and Germplasm establishment); 3.) Geotagging of specific areas of production source of these local varieties in Las Navas (to preserve indigenous varieties) ; and 4.) continue the Capability Building and Education Program to sustain farmers commitment and enthusiasm in supporting some initiated projects
The association of maternal gestational hyperglycemia with breastfeeding duration and markers of milk production
No full textBACKGROUND: Previous studies focusing on the association between gestational diabetes and breastfeeding duration have been inconclusive. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine whether maternal gestational hyperglycemia is associated with the duration of breastfeeding and the concentrations of markers linked to breastmilk production. METHODS: Data from the prospective, multiethnic Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes study were used to assess the association of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h postglucose challenge (2hPG) measured at 26-28 wk of gestation with duration of breastfeeding and concentrations of protein, lactose, citrate, sodium, potassium, and zinc in breastmilk 3 wk postpartum. RESULTS: Of the 1035 participants, 5.2% and 9.5% had elevated FPG and 2hPG, respectively, consistent with a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus based on International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. FPG ≥5.1 mmol/L was associated with a crude reduction in median breastfeeding duration of 2.3 mo. In a model adjusted for maternal prepregnancy BMI and intention to breastfeed, FPG ≥5.1 mmol/L predicted earlier termination of any breastfeeding (adjusted HR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.08) but not full breastfeeding (adjusted HR: 1.08; 0.76, 1.55). 2hPG ≥8.5 mmol/L was not significantly associated with the durations of any (adjusted HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.19) or full (adjusted HR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.18) breastfeeding. Maternal FPG was significantly and positively associated with breastmilk sodium (adjusted coefficient: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.51) and sodium-to-potassium ratio (adjusted coefficient: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.54) but not with other measured breastmilk components. CONCLUSIONS: Women with FPG ≥5.1 mmol/L during pregnancy breastfeed for a shorter duration. Future work involving measurement of milk production is needed to determine whether low milk production predicts breastfeeding duration among women with elevated FPG. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.</p
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