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Μακροχρόνια εξέλιξη του λόγου CD4/CD8 σε HIV οροθετικούς υπό συνδυασμένη αντιρετροϊκή θεραπεία και συσχέτιση του με κλινικές εκβάσεις
Full text linkΕισαγωγή: Ο λόγος CD4/CD8 αποτελεί αντανάκλαση της υγείας του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος στο γενικό πληθυσμό. Στους HIV οροθετικούς, ο λόγος αυτός αντιστρέφεται (τιμές < 1) και, σε πολλές περιπτώσεις, η ομαλοποίηση του αποτυγχάνεται, ακόμα και μετά από αρκετά χρόνια λήψης αποτελεσματικής αντιρετροϊκής θεραπείας. Επιπρόσθετα, χαμηλές τιμές του λόγου CD4/CD8 έχουν συνδεθεί με υψηλά ποσοστά νοσηρότητας και θνησιμότητας. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η διερεύνηση της μακροχρόνιας εξέλιξης του λόγου CD4/CD8 σε HIV οροθετικούς μετά την έναρξη της cART. Παράλληλα θα αξιολογηθεί η σχέση των διαχρονικών επιπέδων του λόγου CD4/CD8 με τη θνησιμότητα και τη σχετιζόμενη και μη σχετιζόμενη με το AIDS νοσηρότητα. Μεθοδολογία: Τα δεδομένα για τους HIV οροθετικούς προήλθαν από την πολυκεντρική προοπτική μελέτη AMACS. Συμπεριλήφθηκαν HIV οροθετικοί ασθενείς υπό cART, την οποία ξεκίνησαν μετά το 2000. Για τη μακροχρόνια εξέλιξη του λόγου CD4/CD8 χρησιμοποιήθηκαν μοντέλα μεικτών επιδράσεων με λογαριθμισμένο το λόγο και το χρόνο κατά διαστήματα γραμμικό με κόμβους σε δύο προκαθορισμένα σημεία, στους 3 και 48 μήνες. Για τη διερεύνηση της προγνωστικής αξίας των επιπέδων του λόγου CD4/CD8 όσον αφορά τη θνησιμότητα και τη νοσηρότητα μετά την έναρξη της cART, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν παραγοντικά μοντέλα αναλογικών κινδύνων Cox, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη το λόγο ως χρονικά μεταβαλλόμενη μεταβλητή. Επιπλέον, έγινε ανάλυση ευαισθησίας με ανταγωνιστικούς κινδύνους. Αποτελέσματα: Από τους 10275 εγγεγραμμένους HIV οροθετικούς στη βάση δεδομένων της AMACS, 2868 συμπεριλήφθηκαν τελικά στην ανάλυση με διάμεση ηλικία τα 36 έτη, το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό, 85.39% να είναι άνδρες και ένα 66% να είναι ομοφυλόφιλοι άνδρες. Ο διάμεσος λόγος CD4/CD8 τη στιγμή έναρξης της cART ήταν 0.29. Από την έναρξη της cART, οι τιμές του λόγου CD4/CD8 παρουσιάζουν συνεχόμενη αύξηση καθόλη τη διάρκεια της παρακολούθησης των ασθενών, αλλά οι τιμές αυτές παραμένουν μικρότερες του 1. Ο λόγος CD4/CD8 δεν ήταν σημαντικός παράγοντας κινδύνου για την πρώτη εμφάνιση AIDS/DEATH ή SNAE, σταθμίζοντας για τις μετρήσεις CD4. Όμως, η ανάλυση ευαισθησίας έδειξε ότι ο λόγοςCD4/CD8 ήταν παράγοντας κινδύνου για καρδιαγγειακά ή νεφρικά νοσήματα ή μη σχετιζόμενες με το AIDS κακοήθειες, με τιμές του λόγου > 0.80 να δηλώνουν μειωμένο κίνδυνο συγκεκριμένης αιτίας κατά 55% για εμφάνιση τέτοιων νοσημάτων (HR = 0.45, p-value = 0.004). Συμπεράσματα: Ένα μικρό ποσοστό των HIV οροθετικών ασθενών καταφέρνει να ομαλοποιήσει το λόγο CD4/CD8 και, επομένως, η ολική επαναφορά του στα φυσιολογικά επίπεδα συμβαίνει σπάνια. Επιπλέον, χαμηλές τιμές του λόγου CD4/CD8 συνδέονται με αυξημένο κίνδυνο εμφάνισης καρδιαγγειακών ή νεφρικών νοσημάτων, γεγονός που καθιστά το λόγο CD4/CD8 ένα χρήσιμο δείκτη για την ανίχνευση των ασθενών που έχουν αυξημένο κίνδυνο εμφάνισης τέτοιων νοσημάτων.Background: CD4/CD8 ratio has been identified as a valuable marker of the health of immune system in the general population. In HIV-positive people, this ratio is reversed (values < 1) and, in many cases, its normalization fails, even after several years of effective antiretroviral treatment. Furthermore, low values of CD4/CD8 ratio have been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to investigate the long-term evolution of the CD4/CD8 ratio in HIV positive patients after the cART initiation. At the same time, the association of levels of CD4 / CD8 ratio in time with mortality, AIDS related and non-AIDS related morbidity will be assessed. Methodology: Data for HIV positives were derived from the multicenter cohort study AMACS. Adult HIV positive patients under cART, which started after 2000, were included in the analysis. Mixed effects models were used to see the long-term evolution of the CD4/CD8 ratio, using log-transformed ratio and time cut at two points (linear splines), 3 and 48 months. To investigate whether CD4 / CD8 ratio is a predictor of mortality and morbidity after cART initiation, Cox models were used, taking the ratio into account as a time-varying variable. In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed with competitive risks. Results: Out of the 10275 HIV positive registered in the AMACS database, 2868 were finally included in the analysis, with median age of 36 years, 85.39% being male and 66% being homosexual. The median CD4/CD8 ratio at the time of cART initiation was 0.29. Since the start of the cART, the CD4/CD8 ratio has been increasing throughout the whole period of follow-up, but these values remained below 1. The CD4/CD8 ratio was not a significant risk factor of the first occurrence of AIDS/DEATH or SNAE, adjusted for the CD4 counts. However, the sensitivity analysis showed that the CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with the risk of cardiovascular or renal diseaseor non – AIDS defining malignancies, with values of ratio greater than 0.80 to indicate a 55% lower cause-specific risk of developing such diseases (HR = 0.45, p-value = 0.004). Conclusions: A small proportion of HIV positive patients manage to normalize the CD4/CD8 ratio and, therefore, its overall restoration is rare. In addition, low values of CD4/CD8 ratio are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular or renal disease events or non – AIDS defining malignancies, making the CD4/CD8 ratio a useful indicator for detecting patients at an increased risk of developing such diseases
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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