138 research outputs found
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and elaboration
No full textMuch medical research is observational. The reporting of observational studies is often of insufficient quality. Poor reporting hampers the assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a study and the generalisability of its results. Taking into account empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, a group of methodologists, researchers, and editors developed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) recommendations to improve the quality of reporting of observational studies. The STROBE Statement consists of a checklist of 22 items, which relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion sections of articles. Eighteen items are common to cohort studies, casecontrol studies and cross-sectional studies and four are specific to each of the three study designs. The STROBE Statement provides guidance to authors about how to improve the reporting of observational studies and facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of studies by reviewers, journal editors and readers. This explanatory and elaboration document is intended to enhance the use, understanding, and dissemination of the STROBE Statement. The meaning and rationale for each checklist item are presented. For each item, one or several published examples and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature are provided. Examples of useful flow diagrams are also included. The STROBE Statement, this document, and the associated Web site (http://www. strobe-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of observational research. © 2007 Vandenbroucke et al
Dossier d'actualité : L'affaire du juge Thomas
No full textCromer Sylvie, Louis Marie-Victoire, Schneider Jeanne, Talbot Strobe, Clift Eleanor. Dossier d'actualité : L'affaire du juge Thomas . In: Projets féministes, n°1, Mars 1992. Quels droits pour les femmes ? pp. 128-134
Methods and processes of developing the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology - Veterinary (STROBE-Vet) Statement
No full textAbstractBackgroundThe reporting of observational studies in veterinary research presents many challenges that often are not adequately addressed in published reporting guidelines.ObjectiveTo develop an extension of the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement that addresses unique reporting requirements for observational studies in veterinary medicine related to health, production, welfare, and food safety.DesignA consensus meeting of experts was organized to develop an extension of the STROBE statement to address observational studies in veterinary medicine with respect to animal health, animal production, animal welfare, and food safety outcomes.SettingConsensus meeting May 11–13, 2014 in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.ParticipantsSeventeen experts from North America, Europe, and Australia attended the meeting. The experts were epidemiologists and biostatisticians, many of whom hold or have held editorial positions with relevant journals.MethodsPrior to the meeting, 19 experts completed a survey about whether they felt any of the 22 items of the STROBE statement should be modified and if items should be added to address unique issues related to observational studies in animal species with health, production, welfare, or food safety outcomes. At the meeting, the participants were provided with the survey responses and relevant literature concerning the reporting of veterinary observational studies. During the meeting, each STROBE item was discussed to determine whether or not re-wording was recommended, and whether additions were warranted. Anonymous voting was used to determine whether there was consensus for each item change or addition.ResultsThe consensus was that six items needed no modifications or additions. Modifications or additions were made to the STROBE items numbered: 1 (title and abstract), 3 (objectives), 5 (setting), 6 (participants), 7 (variables), 8 (data sources/measurement), 9 (bias), 10 (study size), 12 (statistical methods), 13 (participants), 14 (descriptive data), 15 (outcome data), 16 (main results), 17 (other analyses), 19 (limitations), and 22 (funding).LimitationPublished literature was not always available to support modification to, or inclusion of, an item.ConclusionThe methods and processes used in the development of this statement were similar to those used for other extensions of the STROBE statement. The use of this extension to the STROBE statement should improve the reporting of observational studies in veterinary research related to animal health, production, welfare, or food safety outcomes by recognizing the unique features of observational studies involving food-producing and companion animals, products of animal origin, aquaculture, and wildlife
The STROBE guidelines
No full textAn observational study is a type of epidemiological study design, which can take the form of a cohort, a case–control, or a cross-sectional study. When presenting observational studies in manuscripts, an author needs to ascertain a clear presentation of the work and provide the reader with appropriate information to enable critical appraisal of the research. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were created to aid the author in ensuring high-quality presentation of the conducted observational study. The original articles publishing the STROBE guidelines together with their bibliographies were identified and thoroughly reviewed. These guidelines consist of 22 checklist items that the author needs to fulfil before submitting the manuscript to a journal. The STROBE guidelines were created to aid the authors in presenting their work and not to act as a validation tool for the conducted study or as a framework to conduct an observational study on. The authors complying with these guidelines are more likely to succeed in publishing their observational study work in a journal
Measurements of Aircraft Xenon Strobe Light Characteristics
No full textThis report provides data on the characteristics of aircraft xenon strobe lights related to their potential for use as the cooperative element in Optical IR (Infrared) Airborne Proximity Warning Indicator (APWI) systems. It includes a description of pertinent characteristics, measurements of radiation geometry and power output of selected strobes, a discussion of environmental effects including lamp aging, variation in supply voltage, thermal and installation effects. Detailed measurements of spectral peak radiant intensity in addition to spectral radiant energy are presented along with measurements of rise time, duration, and fall time as a function of wave length. (Author
Using the STROBE statement to assess reporting in blindness prevalence surveys in low and middle income countries.
No full textOBJECTIVE: Cross-sectional blindness prevalence surveys are essential to plan and monitor eye care services. Incomplete or inaccurate reporting can prevent effective translation of research findings. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement is a 32 item checklist developed to improve reporting of observational studies. The aim of this study was to assess the completeness of reporting in blindness prevalence surveys in low and middle income countries (LMICs) using STROBE. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched on April 8 2016 to identify cross-sectional blindness prevalence surveys undertaken in LMICs and published after STROBE was published in December 2007. The STROBE tool was applied to all included studies, and each STROBE item was categorized as 'yes' (met criteria), 'no' (did not meet criteria) or 'not applicable'. The 'Completeness of reporting (COR) score' for each manuscript was calculated: COR score = yes / [yes + no]. In journals with included studies the instructions to authors and reviewers were checked for reference to STROBE. RESULTS: The 89 included studies were undertaken in 32 countries and published in 37 journals. The mean COR score was 60.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 58.1-63.7%; range 30.8-88.9%). The mean COR score did not differ between surveys published in journals with author instructions referring to STROBE (10/37 journals; 61.1%, 95%CI 56.4-65.8%) or in journals where STROBE was not mentioned (60.9%, 95%CI 57.4-64.3%; p = 0.93). CONCLUSION: While reporting in blindness prevalence surveys is strong in some areas, others need improvement. We recommend that more journals adopt the STROBE checklist and ensure it is used by authors and reviewers
International Olympic Committee consensus statement: Methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 (including STROBE Extension for Sport Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS))
No full textInjury and illness surveillance, and epidemiological studies, are fundamental elements of concerted efforts to protect the health of the athlete. To encourage consistency in the definitions and methodology used, and to enable data across studies to be compared, research groups have published 11 sport-specific or setting-specific consensus statements on sports injury (and, eventually, illness) epidemiology to date. Our objective was to further strengthen consistency in data collection, injury definitions and research reporting through an updated set of recommendations for sports injury and illness studies, including a new Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist extension. The IOC invited a working group of international experts to review relevant literature and provide recommendations. The procedure included an open online survey, several stages of text drafting and consultation by working groups and a 3-day consensus meeting in October 2019. This statement includes recommendations for data collection and research reporting covering key components: defining and classifying health problems; severity of health problems; capturing and reporting athlete exposure; expressing risk; burden of health problems; study population characteristics and data collection methods. Based on these, we also developed a new reporting guideline as a STROBE Extension -the STROBE Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance (STROBE-SIIS). The IOC encourages ongoing in-and out-of-competition surveillance programmes and studies to describe injury and illness trends and patterns, understand their causes and develop measures to protect the health of the athlete. Implementation of the methods outlined in this statement will advance consistency in data collection and research reporting. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020
A stroboscopic control for the confinement of swarms in a spherical domain around the Earth
No full textSwarms of spacecraft are an idea that has been growing in interest in the last few years. This work focuses on the strategies and costs for the maintenance of a swarm of a large number of spacecraft in a close neighborhood (in our case represented by an sphere but any other confining geometry could be considered) for long periods of time. One of the main issues that one encounters when optimizing the sequence of control maneuvers for a large group of spacecraft is the huge number of variables and constraints. Our methodology considers a hierarchical structure that accounts both for collision avoidance and degradation of the con- finement region of the spacecraft swarm. In an strobe way, usually counted in one or few orbital periods, a few spacecraft of the set are selected and a suitable and efficient control procedure is applied to them, assuring this way computational efficiencyPostprint (author's final draft
A stroboscopic control for the confinement of swarms in a spherical domain around the Earth
No full textSwarms of spacecraft are an idea that has been growing in interest in the last few years. This work focuses on the strategies and costs for the maintenance of a swarm of a large number of spacecraft in a close neighborhood (in our case represented by an sphere but any other confining geometry could be considered) for long periods of time. One of the main issues that one encounters when optimizing the sequence of control maneuvers for a large group of spacecraft is the huge number of variables and constraints. Our methodology considers a hierarchical structure that accounts both for collision avoidance and degradation of the con- finement region of the spacecraft swarm. In an strobe way, usually counted in one or few orbital periods, a few spacecraft of the set are selected and a suitable and efficient control procedure is applied to them, assuring this way computational efficiencyPostprint (author's final draft
Preventing genocide and mass atrocities: building on the legacy of Richard Holbrooke.
No full textA strong international commitment to the prevention of genocide and mass atrocities was a central theme of the late Ambassador Richard Holbrooke’s life and work. Last month, the Obama administration created an Atrocities Prevention Board, citing the prevention of mass atrocities and genocide as both a core national security interest and moral responsibility of the United States. On May 22, the Brookings Institution, in collaboration with the Central European University School of Public Policy and International Affairs, hosted a discussion on U.S. and international efforts to prevent genocide and mass atrocities, building on Ambassador Holbrooke’s legacy. The first panel, moderated by Brookings President Strobe Talbott, focused on what can be learned from Ambassador Holbrooke’s work, especially in terms of atrocity prevention. Panelists included Robert Orr, U.N. assistant secretary general for policy coordination and strategic planning; Kati Marton, author and journalist; and Vali Nasr, dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies and senior fellow in Foreign Policy at Brookings. The second panel, moderated by Senior Fellow Bruce Jones, director of the Managing Global Order project at Brookings, addressed future challenges and policy choices in genocide and mass atrocity prevention. Panelists included John Shattuck, president and rector, Central European University; and Renata Uitz, professor of law, Central European University. After each session, the panel took audience questions. The transcript is located on the website
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