1,721,017 research outputs found
Comparison of different models to predict methane emission from milk fatty acids in dairy cows ......
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Free and microencapsulated essential oils incubated in vitro: Ruminal stability and fermentation parameters
Full text linkEssential oils (EOs) are generally considered as an alternative to antibiotics because of their antimicrobial properties. Despite their vast variety, their volatile nature poses hindrance on their use in animal feeds, which demands a high degree of stability. This study aimed at testing the susceptibility of three EOs (mixtures of EOs based on cinnamaldehyde, named Olistat-Cyn, Olistat-G, and Olistat-P) in two forms (free: fEOs; and microencapsulated: mEOs) to in vitro ruminal degradation using the Ankom DaisyII technique. The microencapsulation was made using a matrix based on vegetable hydrogenated fatty acids. Compared to the fEOs, which were completely degraded within 48 h of in vitro incubation, the mEOs showed a low ruminal disappearance. In comparison to the fermentation profile at 0 h, Olistat-G significantly decreased the pH and the total protozoa number after 48 h, while the total VFAs increased. However, the other EOs (Olistat-Cyn and Olistat-P) had no effect on the rumen fermentation parameters. In conclusion, the protection of EOs from ruminal degradation by microencapsulation was found to be very effective to ensure rumen by-pass. Among the EOs, Olistat-G was capable of changing rumen fermentation, potentially reducing methane emissions
Alpine herbs affect rumen in vitro degradability and methane emissions
No full textGrazing ruminants intake variable amounts of medicinal plants when fed on mountain pasture. These plants contain secondary metabolites (tannins, phenols, essential oils, saponins) that have shown an inhibitory effect on rumen methanogenesis. Few studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of Alpine herbs on rumen fermentations, and their potential use as feed to mitigate rumen methane emissions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 6 Alpine herbs on rumen fermentations and methane (CH4) emissions.
Six Alpine herbs (Alchemilla vulgaris L., Sanguisorba officinalis L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Cicerbita alpina L. Wallr., Galium odoratum L. Scop., Sisymbrium officinale L. Scop.) and a grass hay (control) were incubated using an in vitro automated system in 3 consecutive runs, in 3 replicates and using as inoculum the rumen fluid of 3 dairy cows, for a total of 189 batch fermentations and 27 blanks. The kinetic of gas production (GP) was measured and, after 24h, samples of liquid and of gas were collected from each bottle. A mixed model was implemented in R to evaluate the fixed effects of 7 treatments on dry matter degradability (DMd), volatile fatty acid (VFA), GP at 24h (mL/g DM) and gas composition (H2, CO2 and CH4). CH4 was expressed as proportion of gas produced (% v/v), per g of DM incubated (mL/g DM) and per g of DMd, and was also computed from VFA profile. Orthogonal contrasts (P<0.05) were built for all the traits investigated, comparing the effect of each Alpine herb to the control test.
The Alpine herbs showed a lower DMd than the grass hay (P<0.001) and produced a lower amount of VFA (P<0.001) and of GP (P<0.001) but, when data were expressed as g of DMd, no differences were observed among herbs and grass hay. All the tested herbs changed the VFA profile increasing the acetic acid proportions and reducing those of propionic and butyric acid (P<0.001), increasing the CH4 emission computed from VFA. Some herbs slightly reduced (P<0.01) the proportions (% v/v) and the amounts (mL/g DM) of CH4 emitted compared to grass hay. However, when data were expressed per g of DMd, no differences were observed between substrates.
In conclusion, the tested Alpine herbs showed a lower degradability than the grass hay and it was related to the higher fibre and lignin content. These herbs also showed a lower emission of CH4 than predicted from the VFA profile suggesting a potential role of plant secondary metabolites in the modulation of fermentations
Comparing enteric methane emissions predicted from different equations based on milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows
No full textNowadays the livestock sector is blamed by public opinion for its contribution to the GreenHouse Gas Emissions. This study aimed to test different equations proposed in literature to predict enteric methane emissions (EME) of dairy cows from milk fatty acid (FA) profile. A database composed by milk production, composition, and FA profile of 992 dairy cows classified according to days in milk (DIM), parity order (PO), and 4 dairy systems, was used to compare EME values obtained from 21 equations proposed in literature. A mixed model was used to evaluate the effect of DIM, PO, and dairy system on EME expressed in term of intensity (16.05 ± 2.76, g/kg of milk), yield (20.63 ± 2.26, g/kg of dry matter intake), and daily production (385.43 ± 68.21, g/day). EME predicted by different equations were not correlated, except for 2 cases. EME predicted by 19 equations were significantly influenced by DIM and 13 by PO. Farming system showed significant differences in EME data (17 equations), especially comparing modern and traditional farms. New EME predicting equations based on milk yield and composition and also the maintenance requirements of dairy cows are needed
Supplementazione della dieta delle bovine con scarti da filiera agricola ed effetti sulla qualità di latte e formaggio
No full textEffect of fresh hemp and savory leaves on feed intake and rumen fermentation: in vitro and in vivo trials
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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