112,934 research outputs found
Two cooks at work: independent and coordinated lines of action
No full textIn this paper, we analyse data from a multi-view video recording of two cooks preparing meals in the kitchen of an Italian restaurant. The aim of this research is to show the different interactional configurations emerging from the micro analysis of the activity of the cooks, focusing on transitions from individual to cooperative actions. We are particularly interested in analysing the verbal and non verbal modalities that the two cooks use for switching from autonomous lines of action to the co-accomplishment of local tasks.
In our analysis, the activity of cooking in the kitchen is conceived as a situated activity system(Goffman 1961), that is a system comprehending all the phenomena occurring during the
accomplishment of a specific activity in a specific relevant setting. The situated activity system corresponds to "the range of phenomena implicated in the systematic accomplishment of a specific
activity within a relevant setting" (Goodwin 1997: 115). Some of the previous studies of such situated activity systems are Suchman’s studies of airport control rooms (Suchman 1987, 1993), Hutchins’s studies of a pilothouse (Hutchins 1995, Hutchins and Palen 1997), and the study of the London underground control rooms by Heath and Luff (1994). All these works can be referred to as
workplace studies. They analyse work and collaboration in technologically advanced environments.
The study of the activity of cooking in a professional kitchen can be defined as a workplace study, although the work setting differs from that of those previous studies in the sense that it is a
technologically simple context.The artefacts in a professional kitchen are mostly manipulable objects which function as resources and constraints (Norman 1998) for the accomplishment of the
activity.1 As for the general study of situated activity systems, the relation between human actors and artefacts is an important aspect of the activity of cooking. The analysis will show that the cooks
prepare the meals through a substantial use of physical tools the positioning and accessibility of which in the surrounding have an important influence on the structure and ongoing organization of
the activity itself.
In our data, the prototypical interactional situation — that is the face-to-face interaction as it is associated with conversational activity sustained through a mutual body orientation and a mutual
gaze — is very rare. Most of the time, the two cooks and the other members of the personnel that enter the kitchen interact without being mutually oriented: they don’t look at each other and their
bodies are oriented to the different activities they are accomplishing. Even in these conditions, the two cooks interact and collaborate for guaranteeing a minimum level of coordination. In this
situation, the stable positioning and function of objects in the surrounding play as resources for monitoring and interpreting the other’s behaviour and in so far contribute to the participants’
coordination, be it at the minimum level of sharing the different working emplacements, or at the maximum level of co-accomplishing a stage in sequence of actions.
Besides these cases, there are occasions in which one of the participants begins an action which is then interrupted or suspended by the intervention of the other participant or by her becoming
available for accomplishing a particular task at that moment. The intervention of the other participant changes the configuration of the whole current action. The analyses will focus on those
particular cases, which permit us to investigate the transition between individual actions to coordinated activity
Aspects of activity coordination between two cooks in a professional setting
No full textIn this paper, we analyse data from a multi-view video recording (with two or three cameras) of two cooks preparing meals in the kitchen of an Italian restaurant.
The research program focuses on the verbal and non verbal modalities that the two cooks use for coordinating the activity of preparing a single dish or a sequence of dishes. The level of their coordination changes along with the different phases of the activity. The minimum level of coordination consists in a mutual attention which permits them to accomplish independent activities in sharing the different working emplacements of the kitchen. The maximum level of coordination corresponds to the co-accomplishment of a phase in sequence of actions. And between the two, various configurations can occur. Besides these cases, there are occasions in which one of the participants begins an action which is then interrupted or suspended by the intervention of the other participant or by her becoming available for accomplishing a particular task at that moment. The intervention of the other participant changes the configuration of the whole initiated action . The analyses will focus on those particular cases, which permit us to investigate the transition between individual actions and coordinated activity
Cooking together: activity coordination in professional cooking
No full textThe analysis focuses on verbal and non verbal modalities professional cooks use to accomplish a joined activity, which is the preparation of a meal.
The data are taken from the video recording of two cooks preparing meals in the kitchen of an Italian restaurant. The activity has been recorded with two cameras from two different points of view in order to obtain a more complete vision of the entire activity. The total amount of data corresponds to the preparation of four meals. The cooks are preparing the meal following the orders which are communicated by the waitress. For communicating the orders, the waitress enters the kitchen saying the order aloud and hanging up the written version of the order on the wall. The written order hanging on the wall functions as reference for the cooks’ evaluation of the sequential arrangement of the actions they are accomplishing.
The analysis shows how, in the context of a complex and shared activity, the accomplishment of an action can project the following relevant action organizing the activity of all participants. The performance of single actions, for example the action of putting a pot in a specific place or describing aloud what one’s is doing, can function as an organizational device of the whole activity of co-preparing meals
Bambini, robot: esperienze educative di gioco e relazione
No full textThis paper presents an experience about the use of robotics in education, carried out in some kindergartens in Liguria (Italy). The proposed activities with robots (IROMEC, the Construction kits Lego ® MindStorms TM, Bee-bot and Lego WeDo are the most common) aim to support and complement the usual ludic activities: to promote in all children, including those with severe disabilities, the achievement of social and communica5on skills, as well as to share a natural predilection for playing.
This type of activity requires a structuring of the educational environment, technologically and socially oriented, as a result of an educational project based on a narrative background (accessible and transferable into several languages while playing (in all its forms and possibilities) and in cognitive exercise. The inclusive perspective of the narrative and the play allows children with physical disabili5es and autism to play with companions and to share special moments through the mediation and the relationship with the robot. The experience highlighted the possible affinity with paths of inclusion and use of ICF-CY (WHO, 2007). Our experience has allowed us to evaluate the potential and the limitations of the use of a robot both in a structured environment as well as in rela5on to the instructional design in kindergarten. The robotics allows teachers to get over a commonplace vision of technology deeply related to the computer and consider possible new educational frontiers
Aux frontières du récit
No full textInternational audienceLe chapitre introduit l'ouvrage collectif Raconter, relater, traduire : paroles de la migration, Traverso V. et Chambon N. (éds). Il présente un état des lieux de l'étude du récit dans le domaine de la migration en linguistique et en sociologie, et les chapitres de l'ouvrage
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