1,720,965 research outputs found
A role for neutral sphingomyelinase-mediated ceramide production in T cell receptor-induced apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signal transduction.
No full textA role for neutral sphingomyelinase-mediated ceramide production in T cell receptor-induced apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signal transduction.
No full textLow-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice. II. Susceptibility to Candida albicans infection correlates with the induction of a biased Th2-like antifungal response.
No full textWe have previously found that the development of fatal disseminated candidiasis correlates with the detection of a strong Th2 response, while protective antifungal immunity is associated with a predominant Th1 response. In the present study we verified the hypothesis that an altered antifungal Th response could be responsible for the high susceptibility of diabetic mice to systemic Candida albicans infection. Outbred CD1 mice rendered diabetic with multiple low doses of the pancreatic islet beta-cell toxic, streptozotocin, develop a fatal systemic infection when injected with low-virulence C. albicans cells. Progressive disease was found to be associated with the presence in the serum of IgA, IgE, and IgG1 Candida-reactive specific antibodies, absent footpad reactions, and elevated production in vitro of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 but not the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma. Both the Th2 and Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) cytokines were produced in vitro by CD4+ lymphocytes from noninfected diabetic mice that, in addition, showed a noticeable footpad reaction to Candida antigens. Thus, it appears that a perturbation in the anticandidal T helper responses resulting in the induction of a biased Th2-like antifungal response renders diabetic mice highly susceptible to systemic C. albicans infection
IL-12 IS NECESSARY BUT NOT SUFFICIENT FOR SELECTING TH1 DEVELOPMENT IN MURINE CANDIDIASIS
No full textEARLY REGULATION OF IFN-GAMMA PRODUCTION IN POLARIZED T-HELPER CELL RESPONSES IN CANDIDA-ALBICANS INFECTION
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Physiopathological role of cytokines induced by Candida. Rational basis for immunotherapy
No full textWe have recently reported that selective activation of either one of the CD4(+) Th subsets occurs in infections with the fungus Candida albicans, whose dissemination from the gastrointestinal tract often results in fatal, progressive disease in humans. Studies in mice have shown that a strong correlation exists between disease outcome and nature of the predominant T helper (Th) response, with healer mice developing a Th1 response and nonhealer mice a predominant Th2 response. Ln genetically resistant mice, a protective Th1 response to virulent C. albicans is observed after mouse vaccination with a live vaccine strain of the yeast, PCA-2 but the same attenuated vaccine results in nonprotective Th2 responses in genetically susceptible DBA/2 mice. Because Th1 and Th2 cells are known to secrete distinct patterns of cytokines, that mediate most of their action in vivo, we studied the pathogenetic role of cytokines in murine candidiasis by administering cytokines and/or anticytokines in different yeast/host combinations. The results can be summarized as follows: a) treatment with neutralizing Mabs or soluble interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor changed the nonhealer phenotype to a healer one, in that mice survived both primary and secondary infections, developed strong delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions and stopped producing IL-4 and IL-10; b) healing phenotype was also obtained by neutralization of early IL-10 production; c) conversely, treatment with recombinant IL-4 or recombinant IL-10 exacerbated the course of both disseminated and gastrointestinal infections; d) neutralization of endogenous interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or IL-12, while not affecting the outcome of a primary sublethal infection, rendered the mice susceptible to a secondary challenge with virulent C. albicans cells. These data indicate that cytokines can contribute to the appearance of protective and nonprotective T helper responses in C. albicans infection and that the ability to control emerging Th cell phenotype offers the potential to induce an appropriate immune response in fungal infections
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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