1,720,990 research outputs found
Moving toward Net Zero Carbon Buildings to Face Global Warming: A Narrative Review
Full text linkThe increase in global surface temperatures will surpass the 2 °C target set by the Paris Agreement unless carbon emissions are lowered to zero by 2050. To date, the building sector is responsible for 38% of all carbon emissions, thus one of the main targets is represented by the development of building strategies that can facilitate the transition toward carbon-neutral buildings. The main strategies are today represented by nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs), zero energy buildings (ZEBs)/net zero energy buildings (NZEBs) and net zero carbon buildings (NZCBs). Particularly, NZCBs completely target zero operational and embodied carbon during their life cycles, fulfilling the leadership role in the decarbonization of the construction sector. Moreover, adopting the European Standard EN 15978:2011, carbon emissions can be precisely classified to enhance strategies aimed at reducing them. Commercial viability remains a fundamental economic driver, but the higher initial capital costs hinder the NZCBs. In addition, legislative, socio-cultural, technological, professional and geographical barriers hold back its diffusion. NZCBs can be met by a four-steps program: embodied carbon reduction, operational carbon reduction, increase in renewable energy supply and offset and carbon storage. Circular economy principles are strictly connected to design for disassembly and for adaptability to reduce embodied carbon, while passive design and solar and geothermal energy production can satisfy the renewable energy demand of the building. The aim of this narrative review is to determine and describe which is the current state of the art for NZCB definition, the drivers and barriers toward its application in a broader context and which strategies are eligible to meet the ambitious goal of zero operational and zero embodied carbon emissions
Reuse and Retrofitting Strategies for a Net Zero Carbon Building in Milan: An Analytic Evaluation
No full textThe building sector accounts for 38% of carbon emissions, the principal cause of climate change. To meet the targets set by the Paris Agreement, including zero net emissions by 2050, it is necessary that governments develop a culture of sustainability. Whole Life Carbon Assessment of a building, comprehensive of operational and embodied carbon (EC), is described by EN15978:2011. Net Zero Carbon Buildings (NZCB) achieve a balance of zero emissions during their life cycle, promoting both reduction and compensation by adopting many strategies (e.g., reuse of existing structures, design for adaptability and disassembly, circular economy principles). Choosing bio-based materials is also helpful to compensate for EC, thanks to the biogenic carbon stored during their growth. The aim of this research is to find out which strategies are relevant to meet NZCB target, in order to apply them to a case study of reuse of an abandoned building in Milan, highlighting the design process. Material quantities were extracted from the BIM model and imported in OneClick LCA to assess embodied carbon emissions (A1–A5 modules, material production and supply, transport, construction). The final design stage achieved a reduction of 91% in EC compared to a standard new construction, while the bio-based materials compensated for the rest. Further research can improve the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) of materials and assess the entire building life cycle
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
IFMIF International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility Conceptual Design Evaluation Report
No full textThis report documents the main results of the Conceptual Design Evaluation (CDE) on the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF), conducted during 1997 and 1998. Following the recommendations of the FPCC in January 1997, the activities proposed by the IEA/IFMIF; Subcommittee for the CDE phase were, according to the limited funding, to concentrate mainly on a critical evaluation of the design developed during the preceding Conceptual Design Activity (CDA) phase and on improvements of key devices and instrumentation tools. The IFMIF activities continues to be coordinated by the international leadership team already used for the CDA. This CDE report follows basically the work breakdown structure of the project and therefore has the four major sections Test Facilities, target Facilities, Accelerator Facilities and Design Integration. A major outcome of the CDE was, that in all areas the conceptual design was confirmed and extended, with no substantial changes
Development of the Bayonet-Based IFMIF Target Design - Intermediate Report
No full textThis work describes the whole design activity performed at ENEA ERG-SIEC about the Lithium Target Subsystem of the International Fusion Material Irradiation Facility the first part of present year.Three objectives, constituting the structure of the report, concern the development of the Target design under the frame of the Bayonet Backwall, the Thermal Hydraulic and Stability Jet Analysis following the present design and accounting for the experimental water tests performed at JAERI laboratories, and further developments of the Bayonet concept of the Backwall
Co-polymerization of carbon monoxide and olefins in the presence of layered silicates and organic/inorganic hybrid particles
No full textDevelopment of the Backwall Scheme for the IFMIF Target - Final Report
No full textThe paper contains the results of the activities performed in the frame of the Commessa Interdipartimentale ERG-SIEC n. 2/98, devoted to the Development of the Backwall Scheme for the IFMIF Target and is subdivided into three parts.The first one is concerned with the Bayonet Scheme Design Developments. This work was mainly related to the more suitable sealing type, the refinement of the backwall closing system and the study of some alternative solutions.The second part is related to the Jet Thermal Hydraulic and Stability Analysis and was performed in connection with the JAERI Water Test.The last part is concerned with the ENEA Contribution to the IFMIF-CDA Supplement to be prepared by JAERI.The main results of such activities were presented at the Design Team Meeting, 2326 September 1998, Knoxville, TN, USA. A summary of such results was used to prepare the ENEA contribution to the IFMIF-Conceptual Design Report Evaluation, A Supplement to the CDA by the IFMIF Team
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