1,720,961 research outputs found
The shape of things to come: Workshop report: AI experts share their perspectives on current controversies
No full textDisclosing cyber-attacks on water distribution systems. An experimental approach to the sonification of threats and anomalous data.
Full text linkWater distribution systems are undergoing a process of intensive digitalization, adopting networked devices for monitoring and control. While this transition improves efficiency and reliability, these infrastructures are increasingly exposed to cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks engender anomalous system behaviors which can be detected by data-driven algorithms monitoring sensors readings to disclose the presence of potential threats. At the same time, the use of sonification in real time process monitoring has grown in importance as a valid alternative to avoid information overload and allowing peripheral monitoring. Our project aims to design a sonification system allowing human operators to take better decisions on anomalous behavior while occupied in other (mainly visual) tasks. Using a state-of-the-art detection algorithm and data sets from the Battle of the Attack Detection Algorithms, a series of sonification prototypes were designed and tested in the real world. This paper illustrates the design process and the experimental data collected, as well results and plans for future steps
The design of Datascapes: toward a design framework for sonification for anomaly detection in AI-supported networked environments
Full text linkThere is a growing need for solutions that can improve the communication between anomaly detection algorithms and human operators. In the context of real-time monitoring of networked systems, it is crucial that new solutions do not increase the burden on an already overloaded visual channel. Sonification can be leveraged as a peripheral monitoring tool that complements current visualization systems. We conceptualized, designed, and prototyped Datascapes, a framework project that explores the potential of sound-based applications
for the monitoring of cyber-attacks on AI-supported networked environments.
Within Datascapes, two Design Actions were realized that applied sonification on the monitoring and detection of anomalies in (1) water distribution networks and (2) Internet networks. Two series of prototypes were implemented and evaluated in a real-world environment with eight experts in network management and cybersecurity. This paper presents experimental results on the use of sonification to disclose anomalous behavior and assess both its gravity and the location within the network. Furthermore, we define and present a design methodology and evaluation protocol that, albeit grounded in sonification for anomaly detection, can support designers in the definition, development, and validation of real-world sonification applications
Sonificazione dei dati e sicurezza informatica nelle reti di distribuzione idrica. Il caso C-Town
Full text linkLAUREA MAGISTRALEIl progetto si inserisce nel campo della sicurezza informatica applicata alle reti di distribuzione idrica e prevede lo sviluppo di un codice sonoro, che permetta agli analisti di tenere costantemente monitorato lo stato del sistema e, in caso di attacco informatico, guidi l’approfondimento successivo ai modelli visivi attualmente in uso.
Lo scopo della sonificazione non è quello di sostituire la comunicazione visiva, ma precedere ed, eventualmente, facilitare l’analisi di quest’ultima.
L’esigenza di un sistema in grado di rilevare le anomalie in modo più costante e accurato deriva dal numero crescente di attacchi fisico-informatici perpetrati ai danni delle reti idriche, che provvedono alla distribuzione dell’acqua. I metodi tecnologici con cui queste reti vengono gestite offrono la possibilità di tenere monitorato lo stato di ogni componente, facilitando però le incursioni informatiche.
Da questo problema emerge la domanda di ricerca del progetto di tesi: può il suono garantire un monitoraggio costante dello stato del sistema e comunicare, qualora presenti anomalie, le informazioni necessarie per guidare l’operatore in un’analisi visiva più approfondita?
L'ipotesi di partenza considera il linguaggio sonoro particolarmente adatto alla comunicazione delle informazioni utili in questa direzione. La quantità di dati e la varietà delle indicazioni, infatti, oltre che la natura diversificata delle attività svolte dall’analista durante la giornata lavorativa, impediscono all’attenzione di quest’ultimo di concentrarsi completamente sull’analisi visiva offerta dagli schermi.
Inoltre, dalla letteratura presa in considerazione, è emerso quanto il suono si presti particolarmente a restituire informazioni che comprendono variabili di tempo, pattern di andamento e grosse quantità e varietà di dati: tutte caratteristiche presenti in questo contesto.
I metodi di sonificazione progettati descrivono lo stato del sistema, segnalandone il livello di anomalia, qualora presente. Quest’ultimo viene calcolato dalla differenza tra i dati provenienti dai sensori posti sulla rete e i valori corrispettivi predetti da un algoritmo (sviluppato da Galelli e Taormina), che non considera possibili irregolarità.
Un esperimento effettuato su un campione ridotto di potenziali utenti ha permesso di testare l’efficacia delle diverse proposte e di raccogliere indicazioni utili per il progetto di un ulteriore prototipo.
L’ipotesi di partenza sembra essere stata confermata.
Gli utenti di riferimento hanno accolto positivamente la nostra proposta, rendendosi disponibili ad iniziare ad usare il prototipo nella loro attività lavorativa. I risultati mostrano come i tester siano, nella maggior parte dei casi, riusciti a cogliere le informazioni principali veicolate dal suono, sebbene abbiano riscontrato una maggior difficoltà nel riconoscimento delle informazioni di secondo livello. Questa difficoltà potrebbe essere superata, secondo i commenti emersi durante l’intervista finale, con un periodo di training adeguato.
Gli stessi tester hanno poi evidenziato l’importanza della definizione del suono, il cui design è fondamentale, non solo per il ruolo invasivo che ricopre, ma anche per garantire una migliore comprensione del messaggio veicolato.The devices used to monitor and control the water supply network are transforming the system from physical to cyber-physical, in order to increase the reliability and controllability, but at the same moment, these technologies expose the system to cyber threats.
The increasing number of cyber-physical attacks to the water supply systems makes necessary a frequent and accurate way to communicate anomalies.
Considering during the work day analysts are occupied in many mansions which prevent them from focusing their attention on the screen visualisations, the project proposes a data sonification approach to express the first level of information, useful to monitor the status of the system. The literature highlights how useful could be the sound in case of time variables, patterns, different kinds and big amount of data; all those features are included in this context.
The sound allows to precede and eventually facilitate the reading of the visualisations, without substituting them. The sonification describes the system status, calculating how the data reported from sensors positioned on the network is different from the prediction described by an algorithm (developed by Galelli and Taormina) that does not consider any possible irregularity.
An experiment on a limited sample of potential users made possible to test the efficiency of the different prototype, gathering useful information for a future implementation.
The first assumption seems to be confirmed: the testers expressed positive feedback. They would be willing to use the prototype in their real work activity.
The majority of the users understood the main information expressed by the sound. Some problems emerged during the recognition of the second level of meaning, but this limit could be overcome with more training, as suggested by the testers
Improving the patient-doctor relationship to fight antimicrobial resistance through data literacy promoted by a women-centred participatory practice
No full textAntimicrobial resistance is one of the current biggest public health concerns, especially urgent regarding antibiotic consumption caused by urinary tract infections, which affect women the most. Improving diagnosis and prescription help in reducing resistance development. For this reason, data literacy is suggested to enhance individuals\u27 ability to recognize and describe symptoms and promote bottom-up data and information collection. A participatory approach to self-tracking practices, based on data visualization and physicalization, emerged in this direction to facilitate women in defining new methods of self-care valuation, promoting female agency, autonomy and knowledge creation. Based on the findings from the interdisciplinary literature review and expert interviews, the project defines a workshop framework, including different stakeholders who will be introduced to the use of personal data to improve literacy skills, track information and define how to support symptom explanation during the diagnosis
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
