802 research outputs found
Designing Iron-Amended Biosand Filters for Decentralized Safe Drinking Water Provision
No full textThere are ongoing efforts to render conventional biosand filters (BSF) more efficient for safe drinking water provision. One promising option is to amend BSF with a reactive layer containing metallic iron (Fe0). The present communication presents some conceptual options for efficient Fe0-amended BSF in its fourth generation. It is shown that a second fine-sand layer should be placed downwards from the Fe0-reactive layer to capture dissolved Fe. This second fine-sand layer could advantageously contain adsorbing materials (e.g. activated carbons, wooden charcoals). An approach for sizing the Fe0-reactive layer is suggested based on 3 kg Fe0 per filter. Working with the same Fe0 load will ease comparison of results with different materials and the scaling up of household BSF to large scale community slow sand filters (SSF)
Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water from Alternative Sources in the Dschang Municipality, Cameroon
No full textCuirassement ferrugineux actuel de bas de versants en zone forestière humide du Sud-Cameroun.
No full textWhile iron crusts are widespread in West and Central Africa savannahs, they generally disappear in the tropical rain forest region. Tropical environments are generally characterised by degradation and dismantling of these ferricretes, which seem to have formed under a climate characterised by alternating humid and dry seasons. Under the present humid rainforest conditions typical for tropical zones, iron crusts are in desequilibrium ; they are degrading and dismantling. The dismantling evolves from the top down and from the bottom up the profile or inside the crust. It affects the landscape morphology. The new land surface shows two levels : the first level is higher in altitude, old, represented by large hills with tabular summits and covered by savannah. The second is lower, recent, covered by forest and represented by half-orange shaped hills. This level, characteristic of tropical and equatorial climate, shows actual iron accumulation found on the lower part of hill slopes. Iron crusting is not known as tropical humid zone process. The main goal of this study is to characterise recent ferruginous accumulations which occur on lower part of hill slopes in Southern Cameroon and to identify the iron crust building processes in the humid rainforest zone. This work deals with (micro) morphological, mineralogical and geochemical aspects, based on more than about 70 up to 15 m deep soil profiles on an area of a 250 hectares, situated on a half-orange shaped hill between local rivers at an average altitude of 700 m. The relationship between different soil facies, slope angles and groundwater level fluctuations has been established. Three types of topographic profiles characterise the study area : in the Northern part, the slopes are short, high in altitude (from 705 to 660 m a.s.l.), and very steep, ranging up to 50% near the entailed zone ; in the southern and eastern part, they are long, low in altitude (from 705 to 635 m a.s.l.) and gentle, less than 5% near the swamping zone. The third down slope type shows an intermediate morphology ; it is observed at the head of W, SW, SE thalwegs and presents the moderate slope. The whole landscape appears to derive from the same undulated surface, that was entailed and eroded leaving behind tabular buttes and half-orange shaped hills.
The Meyomessala study area in particular contains the old thick ferricrete near the top of the plateau part and the present day forming carapace on the lower part of slope. The soil shows fifteen horizons that have been grouped on three types : (I) weathering horizons (isalterite, alloterite and grey clay), (II) ferricrete and ferricrete dismantling horizons (pebbly horizon, ferricrete, spotted nodular horizon, soft nodular horizon, soft clayey horizon) and (III) downslope iron accumulations (yellow grey clay, variegated clay, mottled clay, variegated massive carapace, variegated vesicular carapace, spotted massive carapace). The petrography data and water table fluctuation show that the ferruginous accumulations of the downslope are linked with the hydromorphological process.
On the steep slope, the mottled clay horizon represents the only iron accumulation pattern. These pattern is confined to the extreme part of the slope. It is developed as ferruginous core nodules, becoming more consistent into a clayey soft matrix, without continuous crusting process, despite that the iron is concentrated even more inside the nodules. The mottled clay are overlain by red soft clay of the crust dismantling patterns, on place as relics or transferred by crawling processes.
The moderate slope represents the valley head. Here, from the bottom to the top of the profile, the soil patterns consist of yellow grey clay with a homogenous matrix constituted of the mineral kaolinite. The variegated clay follows on top of the first pattern and consists of large mottled sectors, either purplish red, less hardened with goethite, or yellow and soft with goethite and kaolinite minerals, or whitish grey and flabby with kaolinite. On the variegated clay follows the variegated massive carapace and is distinguished from the latter by its harden mottles with goethite, hematite and kaolinite minerals, and by the increase of the consistency of the yellow and yellow brown mottles. The accumulation of these materials is related to a perched groundwater aquifer that generates permanent humidity due to rising capillary water. At the top of the variegated patterns, a spotted massive carapace shows very reduced yellow and whitish mottles, and abundant red mottles. The latter tend to form a continuous ferruginous frame constituted by hematite and goethite. These massive accumulations are richer in iron (~25% Fe2O3). Here, the induration seems to be related to the seasonal humidity conditions.
With the subsidence of the land surface, the slope becomes gentle. Pedological features on the bottom of the profile are essentially whitish grey to greenish grey clay patterns, richer in quartz, kaolinite and cracks. The cracks are filled, either by purplish red and less relatively soft material with goethite, or by yellow soft materials with kaolinite and goethite. The variegated vesicular carapace follows on top of the variegated clay and is distinguished from the latter by harder domains, and by the increase of the consistency and the appearance of vesicles. These domains are filled out by a dark red ferruginous network and the variegated clay-filling vesicles. The mottled clay pattern takes over from the variegated clay zone and the vesicular carapace towards the upper part of the slope. The mean iron content is less here (~15% Fe2O3). However, the lateral extension of the iron accumulations has a length of about 400 m and the vesicular carapace represents the hardest downslope patterns. The ferruginous network, developed through the fissures, is due to high groundwater fluctuations between dry and rainy seasons observed in the field. Also here, the iron accumulation is linked to the water table fluctuation zone. These conditions are favourable to mobilise the iron during the humid period and to precipitate it during the dry one and explain why the iron is highly accumulated at the top of the ferruginous patterns.
Iso-element mass balance calculation allows to estimate the chemical transfer of the younger downslope soils. It appears that the ferricrete (group II) and the ferruginous downslope accumulations (group III) show an allochthonous enrichment. This enrichment is significant for the downslope patterns and indicates that iron is transferred from the hill summit to the downslope sequences. The high iron contribution observed on the moderate slope than on the gentle slope indicates that after transfer, the iron is also redistributed during the transformation of the massive carapace to the vesicular carapace when the slope becomes gentle.
The high weathering state of the old ferricrete on the top of the hill is always accompanied by subsidence of land surface and the ground water rising. By subsidence the slope becomes first steep and then gentle. The present study shows that the iron mobilised by ferricrete weathering is an important allochthonous contribution to the downslope of the hill. The carapace crust-building process starts at the spring head where the slope is still steep and remains confined to the slope extremity. These sequence might represent the first stage of the landscape transformation during the Eocene period. When the slope is moderate, the ferruginous accumulation moves upstream and becomes hard in the upper part of the profile, and the massive carapace appears. When by subsidence the slope becomes gentle, the ferruginous accumulations extend more on the slope, while the vesicular carapace replaces the massive carapace. In the present climatic conditions, the carapace crust-building process is able to invade completely the planar landscape.
The ferruginous accumulation here are at their starting stage towards the vesicular crust-building process. There are generalised at the southern Cameroon rain forest zone. Beauvais 1991 has identified the vesicular crust on the low plateau in the Central African Republic. The observed vesicular carapace might be the precursor of these vesicular crust which characterises the actual rain tropical environment
Les agents des chemins de fer et les employés de l'industrie privée. Étude sociale comparative.
No full textAt head of title: Emile Dufour & Eugène Armand.Mode of access: Internet
On the involution surfaces by Emile Weyr: F. Folie's report
No full textThe author establishes a report on an Emile Weyr’s work on the involution surfaces.L’auteur établit un rapport sur un travail d’Emile Weyr sur les surfaces d’involution
In the streets, shops, and mines: The voices of Emile Zola's working-class women
No full textIn his Rougon-Macquart, Emile Zola was the first nineteenth-century French author to offer a broad and profound literary portrayal of working-class women. Using a socio-linguistic theoretical approach, this dissertation analyzes Zola's innovations in using literary devices to amplify authentic female working-class voices, and identifies how this discourse differs from male discourse in Le Ventre de Paris, L'Assommoir, Au Bonheur des dames and Germinal.Chapter I discusses the general orality of Zola's text, achieved by punctuation, intonation, phrasing, and the inspired use of popular language and style indirect libre. Zola's creative use of these literary techniques heightens the reader's appreciation for and knowledge of the discourse habits and speech patterns of working-class women.Chapter II applies Mikhail Bakhtin's concepts of polyphonic discourse and the polyphonic heroine to the discourse of Lisa Quenu, Denise Baudu and la Maheude. Bakhtin's definition of the polyphonic novel revolves around theories of the hero(ine), dominant idea and word. Polyphonic heroines speak with full-valued voices and embrace dominant philosophies which motivate their actions.Chapters III and IV analyze the dynamics, logistics and importance of working-class female group discourse. This discourse influences the unfolding of events in many novels, and supersedes male group discourse in effectiveness and importance. Chapter III analyzes organized group discourse which takes the form of a classical Greek Chorus and of rumors. Chapter IV treats unorganized group discourse in a delineated milieu and in a crowd or mob. Being marginalized from the male power and authority hierarchy, women create their own communication systems and find strength and legitimacy in uniting their voices.Discourse between working-class women is more prevalent than between men or women and men. Furthermore, women are more often portrayed gathering in groups and working than are men. Zola was quite forward-looking in his serious depiction of working-class women in the Rougon-Macquart. He uses various literary devices to let these women speak through him, resisting the temptation to give them a voice in order to claim it as his own. This portrayal supports Zola's stated goal to realistically depict life at all levels of society during the Second Empire.Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-07T13:34:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
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Emile Zile : five production company logos in 3D.
No full textCatalogue essay by Philip Brophy.
Published to accompany the exhibition held at Dianne Tanzer Gallery + Projects, Fitzroy, Vic., 2-13 April, 2011
Access control based on gait analysis and face recognition
No full textErratum: ‘Access control based on gait analysis and face recognition’ Author corrections:An author name was missed from the published paper. The author list should appear as:D. Vivet, B. Emile, A. Derbel and S. Treuillet.International audienc
Access control based on gait analysis and face recognition
No full textErratum: ‘Access control based on gait analysis and face recognition’ Author corrections:An author name was missed from the published paper. The author list should appear as:D. Vivet, B. Emile, A. Derbel and S. Treuillet.International audienc
A new proposed constitutional methodology for effecting transformation in the South African law of delict
No full textThe problem identified in this thesis is the haphazard methodology that features in constitutional application to the South African common law of delict. Conventionally, the Constitution is said to apply either 'directly', 'indirectly' or 'not at all' to common-law problems. How judges are supposed to choose between those three possibilities is unclear. In light of a number of recent delict cases, the author observes that the uncertainty, coupled with a conservative political commitment to 'contemporary common-law purism', has resulted in judges preferring the option of 'constitutional avoidance' instead of the direct- and indirect-application models. On the other hand, the author also notes with concern the radically alternative approach of 'constitutional over-excitement' where judges overlook established common-law rules and instead turn to a pure application of constitutional principles. The author argues that these competing approaches tend to valorise one source of law at the expense of an integrated reading of various sources. This invariably leads to an uncritical acceptance of either the common law or the Constitution. The author contends that the competing problems of constitutional avoidance and over-excitement in the law of delict could be addressed by turning to the transformative method of adjudicative subsidiarity that places the Constitution's commitment to human rights at the centre of common-law disputes (thus rejecting a blind veneration of the common law) while being humbly mindful of the limits of constitutionalism. The author finally evaluates judicial performance in a broader spectrum of delict cases since democratisation that further demonstrates the need for the application of adjudicative subsidiarity.tm2017Centre for Human RightsPhDUnrestricte
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