1,720,965 research outputs found
Importance of Regional Innovation Systems (Japanese)
Get PDFWhen a new technology is invented to solve a certain problem, communication occurs between inventors taking part in the process. With the advancement of information and communication technology, communication of explicit knowledge between individuals in distant places has become far easier than ever before. But what about in cases where highly intensive and wide-ranging communication is required and tacit knowledge needs to be exchanged? For instance, during invention activities, what is the distance across which inventors communicate and exchange tacit knowledge? This study uses inventors of patented biotechnology inventions as samples, measuring the distances between the home addresses of co-inventors. The distance across which explicit knowledge is communicated is measured in terms of the distance between an inventor's address and the address of a research institution to which a research paper cited in the relevant patent is attributed. The two distances are then compared. It has been found that the median inter-inventor distance is some 32 km, far shorter than the median communication distance of 4,300 km. This suggests that, even in this age of globalization, the presence of knowledge agglomeration within or nearby a specific country or region remains important to the enhancement of the industrial competitiveness of that country or region. The findings will serve as a useful reference for policy-makers in the formulation of science and technology policies as well as regional policies.
Analysis of Joint Patent Applications by Universities or Public Research Institutes and Private-Sector Firms (Japanese)
Get PDFThe technologies used in any one product have become increasingly diverse and sophisticated, and as a result it is becoming difficult for firms to provide, in-house, the technologies and scientific knowledge required for innovation. On the other hand, collaboration between multiple organizations incurs costs for coordination. In this paper we conduct an analysis of joint applications (industry-university collaborative patents) by domestic private-sector firms and universities or public research institutes, in order to gain insights into the circumstances under these collaborations, even if the firms have to pay coordination costs. We obtain the following results. (1) An analysis of developments over past years shows that the overall number of patent applications is increasing and the number of industry-university collaborative patents is also trending upward. The proportion of the latter accounted for by patent applications filed through collaboration between multiple organizations has been on an uptrend since 1998. (2) Applications for industry-university collaborative patents are concentrated on certain fields, including those related to genetic engineering, chemistry, electronic engineering (semiconductor processing), and civil engineering. The reason for this characteristic appears to be that on the academic side there is particular strength in these fields. In fact, the distribution of the fields of these collaborative patents has tended to be closer to the distribution of the fields of academic patent applications than that of the fields of patent applications by industrial firms. (3) The more companies have been filing patent applications in numerous technical fields, the more they have been filing industry-university collaborative patents. In other words, the more companies engage in research and development in a broad range of fields, the more they need the assistance of universities and public research institutes. On the other hand, as the fields of R&D engaged in by industry grow broader, the proportion of individual companies' industry-university collaborative patents to total patents has declined. What this appears to show is that, as stated above, the number of fields of strength on the side of academia is limited, and costs are incurred by the transmission of tacit knowledge that transcends individual organizations, so industry-university collaboration is conducted in a strategic manner in a limited number of fields.
Which Industries Are Most Science-Based? (Japanese)
Get PDFMany industrial innovations would not have occurred without substantial delay if there had not been academic research behind them, and the linkage between industrial innovation and academic research is now gaining much more attention because of the increasing complexity of technologies. The authors have shown that a particularly high degree of science linkage is observed in the area of biotechnology, based on an analysis of the number of citations of scientific papers in patents (science linkage) by type of technology (RIETI DP 04-E-034). Building on this previous analysis, the present research project aims to provide quantitative evidence showing the degree to which Japanese technology development is dependent on science by type of industry. The data on the degree of science dependence is extremely important from the viewpoint of formulating science and technology policies, such as support for scientific research, as well as in implementing industrial policies such as those designed to promote new businesses. Conventional discussions of science dependence, however, have mostly been based on the ratio of research and development (R&D) expenditures to total sales. In contrast, our analysis of science linkage directly examines how technology development in each industry is influenced by science. This enables us to get a clear picture of science-based industries. The analysis shows a high degree of science linkage in the pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries, with the remaining industries showing a relatively low linkage. This result indicates that the characteristics of technology development differ substantially depending on the type of industry, and therefore that such differences need to be taken into account in formulating industrial policies.
An Analysis of Transaction and Joint-Patent Application Networks (Japanese)
Get PDFMany firms these days, forced by increasing international competition and an unstable economy, are opting to specialize rather than generalize as a way of maintaining their competitiveness. Consequently, firms cannot rely solely on themselves, but must cooperate by combining their advantages. To obtain the actual conditions for this cooperation, a multi-layered network based on two different types of data was investigated. The first type was transaction data from Japanese firms. The network created from the data included 961,363 firms and 7,808,760 links. The second type of data was from joint-patent applications in Japan. The joint-patent application network included 54,197 nodes and 154,205 links. These two networks were merged into one network. We analyzed the data from the viewpoint of input-output tables, the ERG model, and Bayesian networks.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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