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The Prehistoric Cultures of the Ryukyu Islands
No full text큐슈(九州)의 남단부터 대만 사이에 호상(孤狀)으로 분포하는 146개의 섬들(전체길이 약 1,2 00 km)은 일반적으로 남서제도(南西諸島)라고 불라고 있으나, 지리학상의 정식 병칭은 류큐열도(琉球列島)이다. 이 열도의 거의 중앙에 위치한 아마미(奄美)제도 이북은 현재의 가고시마(鹿兒島)현이고, 오키나와(沖繩)제도 이남은 오키나와현이다. 그러나 류큐왕국시대(琉球王國時代)에 아마미(奄美 諸島)는 류큐에 속하여 류큐문화권을 형성하였다. 이번은 이 류큐열도 가운데 남반부인 오키나와현의 고고학에 관해 개관해 보고자 한다.
The Ryukyu islands were connected by lana-bridges with the Asia continent at least twice in the Pleistocene period. The eight upper Pleistocene sites which produced Paleaolithic buman bones are reported. They all belong to homo sapiens (sapiens). However, no artifacts have been recovered to date from these sites, a present situation which prohibits the discussion of human activities in the period.
The distinguishing feature of the Ryukyuan Neolithic culture is the duality of its roots. That is its northern and southern derivations. The islands north of Okinawa belong to the culture area of Kyushu origin. On the other hand, Sakishima (Miyako and Yaeyama) islands belong to the wouthern group.
The Early Neolithic culture of Okinawa islands begins with Jomon culture, but is quite unique as compared to that of Japan mainlands. Through the Jomon period, pottery culture shows a gradual localization toward the end of the period in this region. The Sobata type pottery of kyushu, which is derived from the Korean comb-marked pottery, is distributed to Okinawa. A few types of Korean pottery are also found in several sites that show direct or indirect contacts with Korea. No domesticated animals were found, except dogs, which can be traced back to the Early Jomon period (ca. 5000y. B.P.). Agriculture is supposed to have occurred in the Final Jomon, but crops have so far been secured, although carbonized plant seeds were reported from a few sites.
The Yayai and Kofun cultures of Japan mainland do not distribute to the Ryukyu. From then, culture remains in a static state. The period is locally called "Late Neolithic or Late Shell Middle Age" and lasted until about the 12th century.
Pleistocene human bones were also found in Sakishima islands, which form the Southern culture area of the Ryukyus. However, no artifacts have been collected as in the cate of Okinawa islands. No Jomon nor Yayoi cultural influences have hitherto been attested in Sakishima area whose origin is thought to be somewhere in south, but it is of obscure origin. The oldest Neolithic culture so far recognized, called the Shimotabaru pottery type, begins around 3500y.B.P. and vanishes around 3000y.B.P. Next, nonpottery culture appears around 2500y.B.P. and lasts until about the 12th century. During the period, culture changes from the shell axe/adze tradition to the stone axe/adze tradition
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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