194 research outputs found
A Preliminary Report On Mushroom Disease Survey In Taiwan (Hnd. 1964-1966)
No full text本報告係調查臺灣省1954-1966年期，洋菇栽培季節發生洋菇病害種類，玆將結果簡述如下：
(一)屬於藻菌類者，有三種：
1. Mucor sp.
2. Rhizopus sp.
3. Pythium sp.
(二)屬於子囊菌類有七種：
1, Chaetomium olivaceurn
2. Thielavia terricola
3. Asfiergillus sp.
4. Arachniotus terrestris
5. Sfthaerotheca sp.
6. Neurospora sp.
7. Gymnoascus sp.
(三)屬於擔子菌類者有三種：
1. Phallus sp.
2. Pleurotus passckerianus
3. Sclerocjerma sp.
(四)屬於不完全菌類者有十二種：
1. Trichoderma koningi
2. Myco gone perniciosa
3. Sporotrichuin sp.
4. Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus
5. Cephaliophora sp.
6. Spicaria sp.
7. Sepedoniumsp.
8. Helminthosporium sp.
This report is the results of mushroom disease T. C. Dough survey which was begun on December 1, 1964 and ended on October 31, 1966, in Taiwan.
The following fungi were identified in samples received from growers. particularly during the periods shown.
Parasitic on Mushrooms
Mycogrne perniciosa
Dactylium dendroides
Spicaria sp.
Competitors or Invaders
Chaetomium sp.
Sepedozium sp.
Trichoderma koningi
Sporotrichum sp.
Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus
Cephaliphora sp.
Helminthosporiurn sp.
Masoniella sp.
Cephalosporiurn sp.
Diplocladium sp.
Tkilava terricola
Asptrgillus sp.
Arachniotus terrestris
Spharothca sp.
Neurospora sp.
Gymiwascts sp.
Mucor sp.
Rkzopus sp.
Pythium sp.
Pkalls sp.
Plcrotus passckeriams
Sclerodrma sp.
Nematodes
Rhabditis lambdiensi
(17(4):75-79)THE CONTROL EFFECT OF METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION ON PESTS OF MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
No full text本試驗為明瞭溴化甲烷燻蒸在洋菇栽培上之利用價值；尤其對病蟲害預防效果之研究而舉行之預備試驗。茲將已得之初步結果摘要如下：
1. 洋菇栽培舍，用燻蒸用之塑膠布罩蓋，可以施行燻蒸處理。
2. 以每立方公尺20cc，24小時之溴化甲烷燻蒸可得病蟲之預防效果。
3. 燻蒸處理區褐皮病之污染較多，但所幸對產量之影響甚微。
4. 燻蒸處理區之產量超過無處理對照區之產量，與差異顯著。
5. 溴化甲烷燻蒸，在經營上仍有經濟價值。
6. 本燻蒸處理對菇蠅防治上仍有良好之效果。
In order to clarify the utilized value of methyl bromide fumigation on cultivation of mushroom, this experiment was made. Especially, study on the preparatory test of control effect for some pests of cultivated mushroom.
The preliminary results were summarizied as follows:
1. Fumigation treatment could be taken on mushroom house covered with polyvenyl Chloride films tent.
2. Methyl bromide could control the pests of cultivated mushroom in dosage of 2Occ/m3 for 24 hrs.
3. In the treated area brown plaster mold disease was more occured than in other areas. Fortunately, it affected the mushroom production slightly.
4. It has significant difference between the area treated with fumigation and the untreated area on mushroom production.
5. Fumigation of methyl bromide has the economic value in application.
6. This fumigation treatment still has the good effect for control the cecid fly
(17(4):65-74)PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF TRUFFLE DISEASE ON CULTIVATED MUSHROOM
No full text1.腦菌病病原菌對氨態氮之生理利用，程度甚低，但稍有能利用硝酸態氮之趨勢。
2.鹽類如NaCl及（NH4）2SO4濃度4N以上處理腦菌病病原菌子囊果3小時以上，可因其滲透壓之作用抑制其生長。
3.60℃乾濕熱處理洋菇各種病原菌除Mucor, Thielavia sp.及Trichoderma sp.外，其餘處理2小時以上，即達其致死程度。
4.Trichoderma sp.分泌之Toxin證實對洋菇腦菌病病原菌有促進生長與發育之趨勢，但在相同情況下，對洋菇則否。
5.洋菇以547品系對Trichoderma sp.之抗性最強次為542、543品系541最弱，培養基中含20%以上之Trichoderma sp.汁液即顯著影響洋藷菌絲生長。
Ammonium nitrogen was failure to be utilized as sources of nitrogen by pathogen of truffle disease (Diehliomyces microsporus). but it was generally used to support the growth of cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Only nitrate nitrogen could be used by Diehliomyces microsporus. That was a significant different about nitrogen nutrition between cultivated mushroom and truffle disease.
The addition of the solution of salts as NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 at the concentration above 4N to ascocarps. of Diehliomyces microsporus, could control the growth of the fungus. Most mushroom diseases pathogens were killed with heat(140°F) under moist and dry condi-tions. Exceptions are Thielavia sp.,Mucor sp. and Trichoderma sp.
A metabolic product as toxin of Trichoderma sp. had been testified that it could promote the development of the causal organism, but under the same conditions it was ineffective to growth of cultivated mushroom furthermore it decresed the yield.
In regard with the resistance of several varieties of cultivated mushroom to Trichoderma sp., this experiment was proved that 547 (303) variety was the best one. 542 and 543 variety came next and 541 variety came after that. If the medium contained above 20% of the filtrate Trichoderma sp., it had great influented on growth of hyphae of cultivated mushroom
(16(4):32-40)INFLUENCE OF FUNGICIDAL SMOCKS ON THE MUSHROOM HOUSE FUMIGATION
No full text本試驗自五十五年四月以來至今僅有一年，所能獲知者，只限於初步結果，玆將其概要摘要如下：
1. 滅菌彈之主要殺菌成分以Chloropicrin及Grand之等量配合為最佳。
2. 滅菌彈之應用範圍以6cc:30m3或10cc:42m3為適當。
3. 滅菌彈之使用與菇舍之密閉與清潔程度有關，故使用之前應力求密閉及加強清潔。
4. 滅菌彈因使用火藥力量達到燻蒸效果故使用時應特別注意火焰以免引起火災或發熱劑應加以改良。
5. 滅菌彈使用後對洋菇產量之影響，據於新竹、外埔、虎尾、柳營等四地區實際試驗結果，消毒區之產量均超過對照區之產量，統計結果差異顯著，所知使用燻煙劑，施行菇舍消毒有助洋菇增產。
This experiment was carried from April, 1966 to May, 1967. The prelimary result is summarized as follows:
1. The bet effect of fungicidal smocks should contain equivalent amount of Chloropicrin and Grand.
2. The effective dosage of fungicidal smocks is 6cc: 30m3 or 10cc: 42m3.
3. The effective application of fungicidal smocks is related to sealing closeness and cleaness of the mushroom house. Hence, before application of fungicidal smocks the mushroom house should be closely sealed and thoroughly cleaned.
4. In application of fungicidal smocks special cautions should be taken to avoid fire or heating medium should be improved to prevent fire.
5. According to experiments in Hsin Chu, Ho Wei, Hsin Ying and Wai Pu of Taiwan, the yield of mushrooms in these treated areas were much more than that of the untreated. Through statistical analysis, the difference was significant. Therefore, the use of fungicidal smocks to disinfect in mushroom house can increase products of mushroom
(13(3):38-43)化學元素對作物病原菌之影響第二報 Hg, Ni, Sn, Pb, Fe, Al 等元素對稻熱病及稻紋枯病菌發育之影響
No full textThe effects of some inorganic saltes on the growth of rice blast and sheath spot fungi were investigated. Among the salts tested, HgCl2 shows the strongest fung-icidic effect. Nickel salts also has inhibitory effects on both fungi, but the effect decreases rapidly as the concentration is decreased.
Ferrous- and lead-salts at 10-3 mol concentration inhibit slightly the growth of rice blast fungus, while Al- and Sn—salts show little effect. Aluminum- and lead- salts seem to affect the density of mycelium of sheath spot fungus, but Fe-and Sn-salts show no effect.
In both [previous and [present experiments, chlorides are most effective for inhibiting the growth of both fungi.
Fungicidal effects of the salts so far tested on rice blast fungus decreases in the following order:
Cd>Hg>Co>Cu>Ni>Zn>Fe>Pb>Al>Sn>Mn
The order for sheath spot fungus is as Follows:
Cd>Hg>Co>Ni>Cu>Zn>Al>Pb>Fe>Sn>Mn
為明瞭各種化學元素對作物病原菌發育之影響如何，而舉辦本試驗。所得結果，希望可供為農藥資源開發及植病防治上之參考資料。
在本試驗之第一報，曾使用 Cd, Co, Cu, Zn，及Mn等五種重金屬元素為材料並已報告(1)，故本試驗仍依照第一報之設計及方法，繼續檢討 Hg, Ni, Sn, Pb, Fe，及AI等元素對稻熱病菌及稻紋枯病菌發育之影響。玆將所得之結果摘錄如下：
(l） 本試驗使用之六種元素中，氯化汞對稻熱病菌及稻紋枯病菌發育之抑制力最強。
(2) Ni化合物在10-3 Mol 濃度時，能抑制稻熱病菌及稻紋枯病菌之發育。
(3) Pb及Fe兩元素在10-3 Mol濃度時稻熱病菌菌絲之發育稍有影響，但AI及Sn在10-3濃度時仍無任何影響。
(4) AI及Pb在10-3 Mol濃度時對稻紋枯病菌菌絲發育密度有抑制現象。但Fe與Sn對菌絲密度之影響並不顯著。
(5）本試驗採用之三種鹽類中，以氯化物之抑制力最大。此與第一報之結果相同。
(6）本試驗使用之六種元素，對稻熱病菌之發育抑制力之順序是 Hg > Ni > Fe > Pb > AI > Sn，而對稻紋桔病菌之順序則是 Hg > Ni > AI > Pb > Fe > Sn ，兩者因病原菌之不同略有差異
(20(3):54-65)STUDIES ON THE BUBBLE DISEASE OF CULTIVATED MUSHROOM
No full text為明瞭洋菇褐痘病病菌之生理性質及本病之有效防治方法而學行本試驗。玆將本試驗所得之結果摘要如下：
洋菇褐痘病菌在培養基上的生長優劣，以燕麥培養基為最佳，酵母抽出液次之，其餘順序為堆肥抽出液Czapek Agar，馬鈴薯洋菜，麥芽抽出液等培養基。增殖培養源以小麥為最佳，其次是玉米，但堆肥則不能生長。在溫度適應方面，以24℃生長最佳，對高溫之抗力甚弱，在55℃下乾熱4分鐘，或濕熱1分鐘即死亡。對不同pH值之生長差異，到對酸性之適應力較強，即至pH 4.4生長尚頗為良好，而對鹼性之適應力較弱，在pH 8.4時菌絲生長即甚微弱。
藥劑防治以Dithane A-40及Dithane Z-78為有效藥劑，Dithane A-40 1,000倍稀釋液防洽效果最佳，每坪地每天施用1公升，連續兩次，藥害輕，且藥效持續力亦較長，Dithane Z-78 600倍每坪地施藥一公升，3天施藥一次，連續三次，效果與Dithan A-40 1,000倍相近，但藥害大，小菇菇體變黃。
Experiments were made to determine some of the causal fungus of bubble disease and find an effective control method. The results are summarized as follows:
The mycellial growth of the fungus was found best on oatmeal agar and in decreasing order on compost extract agar, Czapek agar, potato dextrose agar, and malt extract agar. As for the grain media, the pathogen grow satisfactorily on wheat, and less so no corn. 25℃ was the optimum temperatures for mycelial growth, the fungus did not tolerate high temperature and was killed at 55℃ after 4 minutes and 1 minute respectively where expored to dry heat and wet heat. The pathogen growth reacted differently in various pH ranges. In general, it had a wide pH range for growth a considerable growth could occur at pH 4.4 but only very restricted growth occurred at pH 8.4.
Dithane A-40 and Dithane Z-78 were found effective in controlling the fungus. Less phytotoxicity and longer effect resulted from spraying 1 liter of dilute Dithane A-40 diluted 1:1,000 per pin on two successive days. Than with 3 application of 1 liter of dilute Dithane Z-78, 600X, per pin at three day intervals. Phytotoxicity was exhibited in the latter case by producing yellow mushroom buttom
(10(4):47-52)EFFECT OF CHEMICAL ELEMNTS ON THE GROWTH OF CROP PATHOGENS 1. Effect of Cd、Co、Cu、Zn and Mn on the fungi of rice blast and shesth spot diseases
No full text著者等為明瞭各種化學元素，對植物病原菌發育之影響而舉辦本試驗，並希望本資料能供抗病原理研究之參考；另一方面祈能成為新殺菌藥劑發現上之基木資料。又本試臉採用Cd、Co、Cu、Zn、Mn 等五種金屬之硫酸鹽、硝酸鹽、氯化物等三種鹽類共十五種化合物。並以稻熱病菌及稻紋枯病菌為試驗對象，將其主要結果事項列舉如下：
(1）本試驗採用之五種元素中以Cd對稻熱病菌及稻紋枯病菌之發育抑制力最為顯著。
(2）Co及 Zn兩元素在10-3Mol 時，亦有抑制稻熱病菌及稱紋枯病菌之發育。
(3）在本試驗之三種銅鹽類中，除CuCl2有抑制稻熱病菌及稻紋枯病菌之發育外，其他鹽類均無顯著之抑制作用。
(4）據本試驗之觀察 Mn 稍有促進發育之傾向。
(5）三種鹽類之中以氯化物之毒性為最強。
(6）對稻熱病菌發育抑制力之順位是 Cd > Co > Cu > Zn > Mn 而對稻紋枯病菌卻是 Cd > Co > Zn > Cu > Mn 之順位。
In order to clarify the influence of chemical elements (Cd、Co、Cu、Zn and Mn) upon the growth of Pirioularia orvzae Cay. and Corticium Sasakii (Shirai) Matsumoto et Yamamoto, this experiment was made. The results will be summarized as follows:
1. It was found that Cd is one of the most toxic element to the growth of both fungi deseribed above.
2. When treated with concentration 10-3Mol., Co and Zn were toxic to the growth of fungi, but no effect was found when treated with less than 10-3Mo1.
3. It was found the copper chloride showed significant effect on the growth of fungi but not for other copper compounds under the concentration of this experiment.
4. Mn was found to promote the growth of fungi under condition of the present experiment.
5. Chloride salt was found to be the most toxic to the fungi within three kinds of salt used.
6. The order of inhibition of chemical elements on the growth of Pirioularia oryzae was found to be Cd>Co>Cu>Zn>Mn, and that of Cortium Sasakii was Cd> Co>Zn>Cu>Mn
Experiments On The Chemical Control For Diseases Of Cultivated Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus)
No full text本實驗自1964年至1966年之間，在臺灣省農業試驗所植物病理系，為選擇洋菇腦菌病防治上有效藥劑，及研究其有效使用方法，而舉行本實驗，並希望找出能防止腦菌病兼而對其他病原菌能同時收效之藥劑。玆將結果摘錄如下：
1.綿線法實驗結果，選出Brestan-60，Dithane M-22，Dithane M-53種藥劑有效。
2.Zentmyer氏土攘藥劑試驗法，淘汰Brestan-60，Dithane M-22兩種能被土攘分解之藥劑。
In order to select the effective chemicals for the control of truffle disease of mushroom and to find out the proper use of them for the control of the disease, the experiments were carried out from 1964 to 1966 in the laboratory of Department of Plant Pathology, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan. It was found that these chemicals can control not only truffle disease but also the other diseases.
The results are summarized as follows:
1. The result of the screening test with cotton string method showed that Brestan-60, Dithane M-22 and Dithane M-45 effectively inhibit the growth of the causal fungus of truffle disease, at the concentration of 500 ppm.
2. However, it was also found that Brestan-6o, Dithane M-22 and Dithane M-45 were absorpted by soil (Zentmyer’s laboratory method). The only chemical found to be effective for control the growth of truffle fungus was Dithane A-40
(14(3):49-59)SURVEY AND CONTROL ON THE VERTICILLIUM DISEASE IN CULTIVATED MUSHROOM
No full text1 洋菇褐斑病是本省洋菇栽培上發生最普遍之一種病害，輕微時影響洋菇品質，嚴重時工廠不予收購，致務農損失慘重。
2 洋菇褐斑病多發生於高溫多濕之菇舍，尤以噴水後菇舍通風不良時發生最為旺盛。
3 洋菇褐斑病在本省為害程度是由南，中，北部依次遞減，其為害程度普遍是在3%以下者居多，在5%以上者甚少。
4 Dithane M-22及Brestan 60 兩種殺菌藥劑，在低濃度0.0125%時對洋菇褐斑病病原菌胞子發芽均有顯著之抑制藥效，但Dithane M-22 之擴散性較Brestan 60為大，所以二者形成之制菌圈有顯著之差異，二者可施用濃度Dithane M-22是0.0125~0.5%，Brestan 60是0.0125~0.025%，但在實驗室菇體接種噴藥試驗之有效濃度以Dithane M-22 0.1%，Brestan 60 0.05%為最好，其與前者濃度之相差原因是菇體接種所須實際濃度較高之故。3
5 施用Dithane M-22 0.1%及0.2%兩種濃度噴撒菇體及覆土，而以0.2%濃度噴撒於覆土表面獲得效果最佳，生出菇體遺毒餘留量為零，故在推廣預防本病害時較為理想。
1. The brown spot disease of mushroom caused by Verticillium agaricicotum widely spread and led to the serious loses in the mushroom cultivation in Taiwan.
2. The disease was more prevalent in the southern part than in the northern part of Taiwan. Generally speaking, the cultivated mushrooms were injuried by the infection of the disease slightly and the disease rarely occurred severely.
3. High temperature and heavy humidity, especially when there is poor ventilation in the mushroom house after watering favoured the occurrence of brown spot disease.
4. Both Dithane M-22 and Brestan 60 showed the inhibiting effect on the spore germination of the causal organism at the rather low concentration 0.0125%. Effective concentrations of Dithane M-22 and Brestan 60 to inhibit the mycelial growth were 0.0125-0.5% and 0.0125-0.025% respectively. Dithane M-22 at 0.1% and Brestan 60 at 0.5% were the most effective ones for the inhibition of disease occurrence on mushrooms.
5. For practical disease control, spraying 0.2% water suspension of Dithane M-22 on casing layer is recommendable, because the chemical residues are nearly at zero
(13(4):36-47)A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON MUSHROOM DISEASE SURVEY FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDING 3lth OCTOBER, 1964, IN TAIWAN.
No full text本報告係調查臺灣省52~53年期洋菇栽培季節所發生洋菇病害種類，為害程度及其罹病率，玆將調查結果簡述如下：
(一） 本省發生之洋菇病害計有六種：
1. 褐斑病（Verticillium agaricicotum Sawada）;
2. 洋菇塊菌病（Pseudobalsmia microspora Fish）;
3. 綠黴病（Penicillium spp.）;
4. 洋菇凋萎病（Fusarium spp.）;
5. 褐皮病（Myriococcum Praecox Fr.）;
6. 白皮病(Monilia fimicol (Cost & Mat Arnaud & Bertholet)。
(二) 該六種病害中為害程度較重者是褐斑病(Verticillium agaricicotum)及洋菇塊菌病(Pseudo balsamia microspora，前者主要為害洋菇子實體，其病徵為顯明之褐色不規則小斑點逐漸擴大凹陷，呈深褐色或暗褐色，嚴重時洋菇子實體畸形凹陷，品質降低，後者主要為害洋菇菌絲，其病徵為堆肥中洋菌絲逐漸退化成水濕狀而致消失，堆肥或覆土表面該病原菌產生許多白色腦狀子囊殼，該二種病害誠為當前本省洋菇病害防治工作，及洋菇生產事業極重視問題，其餘四種病害為害輕微，對本省洋菇生產影響甚小。
(三) 該六種病害其罹病率按其大小順序如下：
1. 褐皮病（44.16%）;
2. 白皮病（27.94%）;
3. 褐斑病（24.73%）;
4. 洋菇塊菌病（8.92%）;
5. 綠黴病（4.04%）;
6. 洋菇凋萎病（2.49%）。
(四) 新建菇舍無論磚房、草房、土房，皆較舊菇舍（使用二年以上者）發生病害較少，其受害程度，罹病率亦較輕，舊菇舍一般因使用前後未經徹底實施菇舍消毒，故極易發生病害，其中磚房、土房比草房發生病害較重。
This report is the results of mushroom disease K. Z. Hu, T. C. Dough and James C. M. Mao survey which was begun on October 1, 1963 and ended on October 31, 1964, in Taiwan (Formosa), and the kinds of mushroom diseases, their damage de grees, and infected percentage.
(1) According to the results of this survey, there are six Kinds of mushroom diseases occurring in mushroom shelters. They are Brown spot (Verticillium agaricicotum), Truffle disease (Pseudobalsamia microspora), Green mould (Peni-cillium spp.), Damping-off (Fusarium spp.), Brown plaster mould (Myriococcurn praecox), and white plaster mould (Monilia fimicola).
(2) Among the six, mushroom diseases, Brown spot (Verticillium agaricicotum) and Truffle disase (Pseudobalsamia microspora) are the most important mush-room diseases and make a serious infection and damage in Taiwan. The former attacks the fruitbody of mushrooms. The first symptons of infection, due to Verticillium agaricicotum, is the production of light brown, small superficial, irregularly spots on the caps of mushrooms. As these spots extend in diameter there is coalescing into dark brown blotches. In more severe attacks the mushrooms become distorted and dry leathery tissue. The later attacks the mycelium of mushrooms. The symptom is the compost, which have been fieled with mushroom mycelium, in the affected areas seems normal at first, then the mushroom mycelium slowly degenerates into a soggy mass, and finally disappears. The small brains (“calves hrains”) are produced in great abundance in the compost or casing layer by the pathogen. Now it is an important problem how to control them effectively and decrease the damage of mushroom pro-duction in Taiwan. The Green mould, Damping off, Brown plaster mould and white plaster mould appear to be of only minor important and less damage.
(3) The order of infected percentage of those fungi are given below:
a. Brown plaster mould (Myriococcum raecox): 44.16%
b. White plaster mould (Monilia .firnicola): 27.94%
c. Brown spot (Verticillium agaricicotum): 24.73%
d. Truffle disease (Pseudobalsamia microspora): 8.92%
e. Green mould (Penicillium spp.): 4.04%
f. Damping-off (Fusarium spp.); 2.49%
(4) In spite of the various mushroom shelters, such as brick wall house, mud wall house, and cottage, the new builting of mushroom shelters has reduced the incidence of those diseases and less damage or infected percentage than those of old mushroom shelters－to be used more than two years. In general, the old mushroom shelters in which the diseases are easily occurred during the reason of growing mushrooms have never been disinfected completely ofter empty before use in Taiwan. For this reason, there are more serious diseases being carried over into the next crop in brick wall or mud wall house than those of cottage
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