1,720,989 research outputs found
Multinational corporations and global production networks : the implications for trade policy : report prepared for the DG trade of the European commission
No full textThe objective of this report is to understand the role of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and production networks in economic activity, and to investigate their implications for the design of trade policies. The focus of the report is the European Union. MNEs account for a significant share of economic activities in Europe. 18 % of EU employees in manufacturing work in foreign owned subsidiaries and 8.6 % in subsidiaries owned by non-EU residents. The report also devotes particular attention to the activities of US subsidiaries in Europe and of EU subsidiaries in the US, the only ones for which comprehensive data are available.
The empirical analysis in the report reveals a positive correlation between sectors with relatively high protection and a high presence of US foreign direct investments (FDI). This indicates that a substantial proportion of any rents created by restrictive trade policy is transferred to foreign firms. European trade policy is protecting those industries where subsidiariesâ sales dominate over imports from the US and where the US subsidiariesâ share in EU employment is large. The phenomenal increase of European networking in the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) following the Europe Agreements or between the US and Mexico after the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are good examples of how trade liberalisation, proximity and differences in factor costs jointly provide strong incentives for firms to split geographically their production processes.
There are some strong arguments in favour of international co-ordination of foreign investment policies. A new investment agreement could take care of this need for co-ordination; however, extending existing trade agreements could also do at least part of the jo
Sustaining Breakthrough Innovation in Large Established Firms: Learning Traps and Counteracting Strategies
No full textIn this essay we provide a review of the main obstacles that encumber large firms’ attempts to generate breakthrough innovations and, drawing on theoretical insights and case evidence, we also suggest mechanisms through which large firms may cope with these hurdles. We believe that addressing such issues is important for several reasons. First, breakthroughs are related to the creation of private wealth and the generation of streams of Schumpeterian rents for their inventors, while also enhancing social welfare (Trajtenberg, 1990). Identifying strategies that can help such corporations to improve their record of breakthrough innovations can potentially create significant private and social value (Ahuja and Lampert, 2001). Second, a better understanding of the drivers of breakthrough innovations has great strategic importance as superior performance often depends on being consistently innovative (Nelson, 1991). Understanding how incumbents nurture and sustain their innovative preeminence in an industry is therefore a crucial step in the direction of explaining durable sources of superior performance and reducing competitive threats from new entrants
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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