42 research outputs found
Neuropsychological and Symptom Predictors of Diagnostic Persistence, Symptom Severity, and Executive Dysfunction in ADHD: A 23-Year Follow-up Study
No full textAUTHOR: Tor Amund Voll Storaas. MAIN SUPERVISOR: Professor Merete Glenne Øie. CO-SUPERVISOR: Professor Jens Egeland. BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently understood as a neurodevelopmental disorder known to persist into adulthood in a significant subset of cases, but recent large community-based studies have revealed that the rate of persistence may be lower than previously assumed. There is a lack of studies predicting persistence that include both comprehensive neuropsychological test batteries and longer follow-up intervals. This study extends long-term predictive research on ADHD by including both a broad neuropsychological test battery and symptom measures at baseline in adolescence as predictors of diagnostic persistence, symptom severity, and ecologically measured executive dysfunction in ADHD 23 years later. METHODS: Forty-five individuals, 19 with ADHD (M/F=19/0) and 26 healthy controls (HC; M/F=13/13), were assessed in adolescence and 23 years later. Measurements at baseline included a comprehensive test battery measuring eight neuropsychological domains, an IQ estimate, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and the Global Assessment Scale of Symptoms (GAS). Outcome measures included diagnostic status, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), the Attention and ADHD subscales of the Adult Self-Report (ASR) from the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA), and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Group differences between ADHD persisters, ADHD remitters, and HC was calculated by use of ANOVAs in SPSS, and potential predictions of differences in the ADHD group by linear regression analyses. RESULTS: Eleven (58%) participants retained their ADHD diagnoses at follow-up. The remitters did not significantly differ from healthy controls on measures of symptom severity or executive dysfunction at follow-up. Motor Coordination and Visual perception at baseline predicted diagnostic status at follow-up, but not symptom severity or executive dysfunction. The CBCL Attention problems subscale at baseline in the ADHD group predicted variance in diagnostic status, attention symptoms in the ASR and the ASRS, and the BRIEF Global Executive Composite and Working Memory subdomain. CONCLUSION: The persistence rate found in the present study was higher than other long-term estimates, and the predictive value of baseline attention symptom severity was confirmed. The predictions of lower-order neuropsychological functions related to motor function and perception on diagnostic persistence are an important new finding of consequence, suggesting the continued relevance of the early theoretical concept of DAMP. These findings carry implications for future research on interventions, theoretical models, and the lifespan of ADHD
Predictors of respiratory sickness absence: an international population-based study.
No full textAbstract
BACKGROUND:
Respiratory tract-related occupational disability is common among adults of working age. We examined occupational vapors, gas, dust, or fume (VGDF) exposure as a predictor of disability, based on respiratory sickness absence among the actively employed, at an early point at which prevention may be most relevant.
METHODS:
Currently employed European Community Respiratory Health Survey II participants (n = 6,988) were classified into three mutually exclusive, condition/symptom-based categories: physician-diagnosed asthma, self-reported rhinitis, and wheeze/breathlessness (n = 4,772). Logistic regression analysis estimated the odds of respiratory sickness absence (past 12 months) by VGDF exposure.
RESULTS:
In the condition/symptom groups, 327 (6.9%) reported respiratory sickness absence. Exposure to VGDF was associated with increased odds of respiratory sickness absence: asthma odds ratio [OR] 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-3.6), wheeze/breathlessness OR 2.2 (95% CI 1.01-4.8); rhinitis OR 1.9 (95% CI 1.02-3.4).
CONCLUSION:
One in 15 currently employed with asthma, breathlessness, or rhinitis reported respiratory sickness absence. VGDF exposure doubled the odds of respiratory sickness absence, suggesting a focus for disability prevention
Sampling tiger ungulate prey by the distance method: lessons learned in Bardia National Park, Nepal
No full textRelationships between patterns of incubation and predation in sympatric capercaillie <i>Tetrao urogallus</i> and black grouse <i>T. tetrix</i>
No full textPoron (<em>Rangifer tarandus tarandus</em>) ja ulkoloisen hirvikärpäsen (<em>Lipoptena cervi</em>) suhde : Näkökohtia poron hyvinvointiin
No full textAbstractThe deer ked is an ectoparasitic louse-fly (Lipoptena cervi, Hippoboscidae, Diptera (L.)) and in Finland its principle host is the moose (Alces alces). The annual insect harassment of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) has increased in the southern part of the Finnish reindeer herding area because of the recent invasion of this blood-feeding ectoparasitic louse-fly. Three sub-projects were performed to study possible impacts of the deer ked on reindeer welfare and to understand the relationship between the new host and ectoparasite: an experimental infestation, field observations and a questionnaire survey. In experimental infestation 18 reindeer were assigned into three experimental groups (Infestation group, Medication group and Control group). Reindeer in Infestation group and Medication group were infested with 300 deer keds/reindeer. Efficiency of antiparasitic treatment with ivermectin against the deer ked was tested in Medication group.The results suggest that the deer ked has negative impact on reindeer welfare. The infested reindeer in experimental infestation displayed more incidences of restless behaviour than the controls. Hair loss was observed in both experimental infestation and field observations. Histological examination of the skin indicated that the inflammatory responses were most pronounced and acute in areas with deer-ked-associated alopecia, while areas still covered by hair were characterized by milder, more chronic inflammation. Hair loss was detected most frequently on the anterior back and it correlated with the position of the found deer keds. Monitoring of the hair loss areas from reindeer with deer ked infestation during the field observations revealed that the hair loss was increasing from January to April. Thermal imaging data from the field observations demonstrated that the surface of the alopecic skin areas of the infested individuals had higher maximum surface temperatures than the intact fur of uninfested reindeer. This indicates that the parasitism can cause a decrease in insulation and an increase in heat loss, and thereby increase individual’s energy consumption.At the end of the experimental infestation (December), only dead keds were found in the pelts of Medication group, indicating that ivermectin would be efficient against deer keds. However, very few keds survived in the Infection group. Based on the result of the experimental infestation, it was plausible that the reindeer can resist deer ked infestation based on the low survival of the parasites. However, field observations on naturally infested reindeer indicate that the deer ked can remain on reindeer over winter causing expanding areas of hair loss. The analyses of the pupal data confirmed that the deer ked can reproduce over winter on reindeer. Hatching rate of the pupae was lower on pupae found from reindeer compared to pupae found from moose. In the future, it is important to monitor the relationship between the deer ked and the reindeer in Fennoscandia to estimate the reproduction success of the deer ked on reindeer and to predict possible adaptation between the host and the parasite. This information is important when estimating the welfare of Rangifer species.Original papersOriginal papers are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation.Kynkäänniemi, S.-M., Kettu, M., Kortet, R., Härkönen, L., Kaitala, A., Paakkonen, T., … Laaksonen, S. (2014). Acute impacts of the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) infestation on reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) behaviour. Parasitology Research, 113(4), 1489–1497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-3790-3Self-archived versionKynkäänniemi, S.-M., Madslien, K., Ytrehus, B., Kortet, R., Paakkonen, T., Nieminen, P., … Laaksonen S. (2020). Skin pathology and infrared thermography in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) infested with ectoparasitic deer keds (Lipoptena cervi). Manuscript in preparation.Kynkäänniemi, S.-M., Kortet, R., Härkönen, L., Kaitala, A., Paakkonen, T., Mustonen, A.-M., … Laaksonen, S. (2010). Threat of An Invasive Parasitic Fly, the Deer Ked (Lipoptena cervi), to the Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus): Experimental Infection and Treatment. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 47(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.5735/086.047.0103Self-archived versionKynkäänniemi, S.-M., Kortet, R., & Laaksonen, S. (2020). The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi), a novel parasite of the reindeer: range expansion and reproduction in arctic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Manuscript in preparation.TiivistelmäHirvikärpänen (Lipoptena cervi, Hippoboscidae, Diptera (L.)) luokitellaan kuuluvaksi loiskärpäsiin. Suomessa hirvikärpäsen pääisäntänä toimii hirvi (Alces alces). Eteläisellä poronhoitoalueella on poroihin kohdistuva hyönteisten häiriöaika pidentynyt hirvikärpäsen leviämisen myötä. Tässä väitöskirjassa toteutettiin kolme osatutkimusta, joilla selvitettiin, onko hirvikärpäsellä vaikutuksia poron hyvinvointiin ja millainen suhde mahdollisesti muodostuu uuden isäntäeläimen ja hirvikärpäsen välille. Osatutkimukset olivat kokeellinen istutuskoe, kenttähavainnot ja haastattelututkimus. Istutuskokeeseen osallistui yhteensä 18 poroa kolmessa ryhmässä (Hirvikärpäsryhmä, Lääkitysryhmä ja Kontrolliryhmä). Hirvikärpäsryhmän ja Lääkitysryhmän poroihin istutettiin 300 hirvikärpästä/poro. Yleisesti poroilla käytetyn loislääkkeen, ivermektiinin, tehoa testattiin Lääkitysryhmän poroilla. Väitöskirjan tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että hirvikärpäsloisinnasta on haittaa porojen hyvinvoinnille. Istutuskokeessa hirvikärpäsiä saaneet porot käyttäytyivät levottomammin kuin kontrolliporot, jotka eivät olleet saaneet hirvikärpäsiä. Karvavaurioita havaittiin sekä istutuskokeen poroilla että kenttähavaintojen poroilla. Ihon histologia-analyysin tulokset viittasivat siihen, että akuuttia tulehdusreaktiota ilmeni enemmän karvattomilla ihoalueilla, kun taas karvapeitteisillä alueilla tulehdusreaktio oli enemmän miedompaa kroonista tyyppiä. Hirvikärpäset ja karvavauriot sijoittuivat useimmiten porojen etuselän alueelle. Kenttähavainnot osoittivat, että karvavaurioalueet laajenivat tammikuun ja huhtikuun välisellä ajalla. Lämpökamera-aineisto osoitti, että karvattomilla alueilla oli korkeammat maksimipintalämpötilat kuin poroilla ilman karvavaurioita. Tämä viittasi hirvikärpäsloisinnan heikentävän poron karvapeitteen eristyskykyä ja siten mahdollisesti lisäävän yksilön energian kulutusta.Kokeellisen istutuskokeen päätyttyä Lääkitysryhmästä löytyi vain kuolleita hirvikärpäsiä, mikä viittaa ivermektiinin tehokkuuteen torjua hirvikärpäsloisintaa. Kuitenkin Hirvikärpäsryhmästä löytyi suhteellisen vähän eläviä hirvikärpäsiä, mikä viittasi siihen, että poro pystyisi vastustamaan hirvikärpäsloisintaa. Kenttähavainnot luonnosta hirvikärpäsiä saaneista poroista osoittivat kuitenkin, että hirvikärpänen säilyy porossa talven yli, aiheuttaen laajenevaa karvanlähtöä. Koteloaineiston perusteella hirvikärpänen pystyy lisääntymään porossa talven yli. Poroista peräisin olevien koteloiden kuoriutumisprosentti oli alhaisempi verrattuna hirvien makuupaikoilta löytyneisiin koteloihin. Tulevaisuudessa on tärkeää tutkia poron ja hirvikärpäsen suhdetta, lisääntymistä ja sopeutumista poroihin sekä leviämistä pohjoiseen Fennoskandian poronhoitoalueella. Tämä tieto on tärkeää Rangifer-suvun hyvinvoinnin arvioinnissa.OsajulkaisutOsajulkaisut eivät sisälly väitöskirjan elektroniseen versioon.Kynkäänniemi, S.-M., Kettu, M., Kortet, R., Härkönen, L., Kaitala, A., Paakkonen, T., … Laaksonen, S. (2014). Acute impacts of the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) infestation on reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) behaviour. Parasitology Research, 113(4), 1489–1497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-3790-3Rinnakkaistallennettu versioKynkäänniemi, S.-M., Madslien, K., Ytrehus, B., Kortet, R., Paakkonen, T., Nieminen, P., … Laaksonen S. (2020). Skin pathology and infrared thermography in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) infested with ectoparasitic deer keds (Lipoptena cervi). Manuscript in preparation.Kynkäänniemi, S.-M., Kortet, R., Härkönen, L., Kaitala, A., Paakkonen, T., Mustonen, A.-M., … Laaksonen, S. (2010). Threat of An Invasive Parasitic Fly, the Deer Ked (Lipoptena cervi), to the Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus): Experimental Infection and Treatment. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 47(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.5735/086.047.0103Rinnakkaistallennettu versioKynkäänniemi, S.-M., Kortet, R., & Laaksonen, S. (2020). The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi), a novel parasite of the reindeer: range expansion and reproduction in arctic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Manuscript in preparation.Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Technology and Natural Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in the OP auditorium (L10), Linnanmaa, on 22 April 2020, at 12 noonAbstract
The deer ked is an ectoparasitic louse-fly (Lipoptena cervi, Hippoboscidae, Diptera (L.)) and in Finland its principle host is the moose (Alces alces). The annual insect harassment of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) has increased in the southern part of the Finnish reindeer herding area because of the recent invasion of this blood-feeding ectoparasitic louse-fly. Three sub-projects were performed to study possible impacts of the deer ked on reindeer welfare and to understand the relationship between the new host and ectoparasite: an experimental infestation, field observations and a questionnaire survey. In experimental infestation 18 reindeer were assigned into three experimental groups (Infestation group, Medication group and Control group). Reindeer in Infestation group and Medication group were infested with 300 deer keds/reindeer. Efficiency of antiparasitic treatment with ivermectin against the deer ked was tested in Medication group.
The results suggest that the deer ked has negative impact on reindeer welfare. The infested reindeer in experimental infestation displayed more incidences of restless behaviour than the controls. Hair loss was observed in both experimental infestation and field observations. Histological examination of the skin indicated that the inflammatory responses were most pronounced and acute in areas with deer-ked-associated alopecia, while areas still covered by hair were characterized by milder, more chronic inflammation. Hair loss was detected most frequently on the anterior back and it correlated with the position of the found deer keds. Monitoring of the hair loss areas from reindeer with deer ked infestation during the field observations revealed that the hair loss was increasing from January to April. Thermal imaging data from the field observations demonstrated that the surface of the alopecic skin areas of the infested individuals had higher maximum surface temperatures than the intact fur of uninfested reindeer. This indicates that the parasitism can cause a decrease in insulation and an increase in heat loss, and thereby increase individual’s energy consumption.
At the end of the experimental infestation (December), only dead keds were found in the pelts of Medication group, indicating that ivermectin would be efficient against deer keds. However, very few keds survived in the Infection group. Based on the result of the experimental infestation, it was plausible that the reindeer can resist deer ked infestation based on the low survival of the parasites. However, field observations on naturally infested reindeer indicate that the deer ked can remain on reindeer over winter causing expanding areas of hair loss. The analyses of the pupal data confirmed that the deer ked can reproduce over winter on reindeer. Hatching rate of the pupae was lower on pupae found from reindeer compared to pupae found from moose.
In the future, it is important to monitor the relationship between the deer ked and the reindeer in Fennoscandia to estimate the reproduction success of the deer ked on reindeer and to predict possible adaptation between the host and the parasite. This information is important when estimating the welfare of Rangifer species.Tiivistelmä
Hirvikärpänen (Lipoptena cervi, Hippoboscidae, Diptera (L.)) luokitellaan kuuluvaksi loiskärpäsiin. Suomessa hirvikärpäsen pääisäntänä toimii hirvi (Alces alces). Eteläisellä poronhoitoalueella on poroihin kohdistuva hyönteisten häiriöaika pidentynyt hirvikärpäsen leviämisen myötä. Tässä väitöskirjassa toteutettiin kolme osatutkimusta, joilla selvitettiin, onko hirvikärpäsellä vaikutuksia poron hyvinvointiin ja millainen suhde mahdollisesti muodostuu uuden isäntäeläimen ja hirvikärpäsen välille. Osatutkimukset olivat kokeellinen istutuskoe, kenttähavainnot ja haastattelututkimus. Istutuskokeeseen osallistui yhteensä 18 poroa kolmessa ryhmässä (Hirvikärpäsryhmä, Lääkitysryhmä ja Kontrolliryhmä). Hirvikärpäsryhmän ja Lääkitysryhmän poroihin istutettiin 300 hirvikärpästä/poro. Yleisesti poroilla käytetyn loislääkkeen, ivermektiinin, tehoa testattiin Lääkitysryhmän poroilla.
Väitöskirjan tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että hirvikärpäsloisinnasta on haittaa porojen hyvinvoinnille. Istutuskokeessa hirvikärpäsiä saaneet porot käyttäytyivät levottomammin kuin kontrolliporot, jotka eivät olleet saaneet hirvikärpäsiä. Karvavaurioita havaittiin sekä istutuskokeen poroilla että kenttähavaintojen poroilla. Ihon histologia-analyysin tulokset viittasivat siihen, että akuuttia tulehdusreaktiota ilmeni enemmän karvattomilla ihoalueilla, kun taas karvapeitteisillä alueilla tulehdusreaktio oli enemmän miedompaa kroonista tyyppiä. Hirvikärpäset ja karvavauriot sijoittuivat useimmiten porojen etuselän alueelle. Kenttähavainnot osoittivat, että karvavaurioalueet laajenivat tammikuun ja huhtikuun välisellä ajalla. Lämpökamera-aineisto osoitti, että karvattomilla alueilla oli korkeammat maksimipintalämpötilat kuin poroilla ilman karvavaurioita. Tämä viittasi hirvikärpäsloisinnan heikentävän poron karvapeitteen eristyskykyä ja siten mahdollisesti lisäävän yksilön energian kulutusta.
Kokeellisen istutuskokeen päätyttyä Lääkitysryhmästä löytyi vain kuolleita hirvikärpäsiä, mikä viittaa ivermektiinin tehokkuuteen torjua hirvikärpäsloisintaa. Kuitenkin Hirvikärpäsryhmästä löytyi suhteellisen vähän eläviä hirvikärpäsiä, mikä viittasi siihen, että poro pystyisi vastustamaan hirvikärpäsloisintaa. Kenttähavainnot luonnosta hirvikärpäsiä saaneista poroista osoittivat kuitenkin, että hirvikärpänen säilyy porossa talven yli, aiheuttaen laajenevaa karvanlähtöä. Koteloaineiston perusteella hirvikärpänen pystyy lisääntymään porossa talven yli. Poroista peräisin olevien koteloiden kuoriutumisprosentti oli alhaisempi verrattuna hirvien makuupaikoilta löytyneisiin koteloihin. Tulevaisuudessa on tärkeää tutkia poron ja hirvikärpäsen suhdetta, lisääntymistä ja sopeutumista poroihin sekä leviämistä pohjoiseen Fennoskandian poronhoitoalueella. Tämä tieto on tärkeää Rangifer-suvun hyvinvoinnin arvioinnissa
Non-infectious rhinitis is more strongly associated with early—rather than late—onset of COPD: data from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS)
No full textPurpose: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with several co-morbidities and non-infectious rhinitis (NIR) has emerged as a new possible co-morbidity. The primary aim of this study is to confirm a previously reported association between NIR and COPD in a multicentre population over time. The secondary aim is to investigate the course over time of such an association through a comparison between early- and late-onset COPD. Methods: This study is part of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). A random adult population from 25 centres in Europe and one in Australia was examined with spirometry and answered a respiratory questionnaire in 1998–2002 (ECRHS II) and in 2008–2013 (ECRHS III). Symptoms of non-infectious rhinitis, hay fever and asthma, and smoking habits were reported. Subjects reporting asthma were excluded. COPD was defined as a spirometry ratio of FEV1/FVC < 0.7. A total of 5901 subjects were included. Results: Non-infectious rhinitis was significantly more prevalent in subjects with COPD compared with no COPD (48.9% vs 37.1%, p < 0.001) in ECRHS II (mean age 43) but not in ECHRS III (mean age 54). In the multivariable regression model adjusted for COPD, smoking, age, BMI, and gender, non-infectious rhinitis was associated with COPD in both ECRHS II and III. Conclusion: Non-infectious rhinitis was significantly more common in subjects with COPD at a mean age of 43. Ten years later, the association was weaker. The findings indicate that NIR could be associated with the early onset of COPD
Lokalforankret forvaltning og nasjonal overvåking av småvilt : en kunnskapsoppsummering med anbefalinger for framtidig satsing
No full textBrainerd, S. M., Pedersen, H. C., Kålås, J. A., Rolandsen, C., Hoem, S. A., Storaas, T., og Kastdalen, L. 2005. Lokalforankret forvaltning og nasjonal overvåking av småvilt. En kunnskapsoppsummering med anbefalinger for framtidig satsing. NINA Rapport 38. 73 s. Lokal forvaltning av utmarksressurser og nasjonal overvåking av det biologiske mangfoldet er i dag viktige målsettinger for norsk naturforvaltning. Vi har lang tradisjon for taksering av småvilt i Norge, der årlige tellinger gjennomføres med forskjellige metoder til ulike årstider mange steder i landet. Disse tellingene blir vanligvis utført av jegere i nært samarbeid med rettighetshavere, ofte med tilskudd fra offentlig forvaltning. Denne til dels omfattende aktiviteten er p.d.d. ikke koordinert eller standardisert, og det finnes et stort potensial for videreutvikling av både metoder og gjennomføring. Dette kan danne et grunnlag for en bedre og bredere utnyttelse av innsamlede data til forvaltning og overvåking av småviltressursene på ulike nivåer. I denne rapporten presenterer vi en oversikt over kunnskap vedrørende takseringsmetoder, overvåkingsprogrammer og databaseløsninger med siktemål for å utvikle et nasjonalt system for forvaltning og overvåking av utvalgte småviltarter i Norge. I tillegg presenteres en gjennomgang av den nasjonale strategien for lokal forvaltning av vilt- og fiskeressursene med en oversikt over de forskjellige aktørers tiltenkte roller i forbindelse med småviltakseringer. Det anbefales standardiserte metoder til taksering av småviltarter basert på tilgjengelig kunnskap og praktiske erfaringer fra Norge og utlandet. For hønsefuglartene anbefales tellinger i august langs transkektlinjer etter den såkalte Distance-, eller avstandstakstmetoden. Denne metoden beregner tettheter basert på oppdagbarhetsfunksjoner som tar utgangspunkt i den vinkelrette avstanden fra observerte individer til transektlinjen. Metoden ansees som fullgod til telling av lirype (Lagopus lagopus) og også for fjellrype (L. mutus) under visse forhold. Forskningsresultater viser at metoden underestimerer tettheter av orrfugl (Tetrao tetrix) og storfugl (T. urogallus), slik at estimatene må justeres ved hjelp av korreksjonsfaktorer. For mindre pattedyr som inkluderer rødrev (Vulpes vulpes), mår (Martes martes), røyskatt (Mustela erminea) og hare (Lepus timidus) anbefaler vi indekstellinger av spor langs takseringslinjer på sporsnø vinterstid. Videre anbefaler vi at et EDB-basert system utvikles for datafangst på lokalt nivå, tilrettelegge disse dataene for bearbeiding på regionalt nivå og til overvåking og forskning på regionalt og nasjonalt nivå. Et slikt system bør ta utgangspunkt i eksisterende teknologi og databaseløsninger og være brukervennlig, ha funksjoner for automatisk kvalitetssikring av data og gi rask tilbakemelding til lokale forvaltere og rettighetshavere. Today, local management of natural resources and national monitoring of biodiversity are important national goals in Norwegian natural resource management. There is a long tradition for inventorying small game in Norway, with annual counts conducted with various methods at different times of the year many places in the country. Such counts are conducted by hunters or other volunteers in close cooperation with landowners, often with financial support from management authorities. However, this activity is at present not coordinated or standardized, and there is a great potential for developing systems and methodology which would allow for better and broader application of this large data set. A standardized system for small game inventory will greatly enhance the application of data collected through these efforts for management and monitoring of these resources at many scales. In this report we review existing census methodology, monitoring programs and data base solutions with a view to developing a national scheme for monitoring and management of small game resources in Norway. In addition, we present a synopsis of the national strate© Norsk institutt for naturforskning Publikasjonen kan siteres fritt med kildeangivels
The costs and benefits of animal predation: An analysis of Scandinavian wolf re-colonization.
No full textAfter coming close to extinction, the grey wolf (Canis lupus) has re-colonized Scandinavia during the last two decades. The current population numbers some 100–120 individuals, and is distributed in small packs along the Swedish–Norwegian border. However, with wolf re-colonization, several conflicts have arisen. One conflict is due to wolf predation on livestock, especially sheep and reindeer. Another is predation on wild ungulates. As the wolves have shown a strong preference for moose (Alces alces) in this respect, a smaller moose population is available for game hunting. The cost of increased moose predation by wolves is examined using a two-step process. First, we analyse the costs to landowners, comprising the loss of animals potentially available for hunting less the reduction in browsing damage associated with a smaller moose population. Second, we examine the problem from a broader point of view, where costs external to landowners and local communities are included. By far the most important cost here is damage related to collisions between moose and motor vehicles.
Undersøkelse blant jaktrettighetshavere i Rypeforvaltningsprosjektet 2006-2011 : datagrunnlag og noen sentrale funn
No full textAndersen, O., Kaltenborn, B. P., Pedersen, H. C., Storaas, T., Solvang, H., Moa, P. F. og Hagen, B. R. 2010. Undersøkelse blant jaktrettighetshavere i Rypeforvaltningsprosjektet 2006-2011. Datagrunnlag og noen sentrale funn - NINA Rapport 433. 32 s.
Formålet med undersøkelsen var å få en oversikt over hvordan rypeterreng forvaltes og hva forvalterne mener om ulike forhold knyttet til forvaltningen av rype og andre småviltarter. Utvalget består av rettighetshavere på både privat grunn og offentlig grunn. Kunnskapen om rettighetshaverne er viktig med tanke på å få en bedre forståelse av hvordan de ser på forvaltningen av vilt, og da spesielt rype og skogsfugl på sin eiendom, opp mot andre næringsinteresser som eventuelt måtte finnes på eiendommen. Data er samlet inn ved hjelp av et elektronisk spørreskjema. Vi fikk inn 53 svar etter to purringer, samt noe telefonisk kontakt med grunneierne. Dette gir en svarinngang på 28%.
Eiendommene som deltok i undersøkelsen utgjør 89 271 km2 av Norges rypeterreng. Når vi ser bort fra Finnmarkseiendommen (34,1% av totalarealet) og Statskog SF (51,5% av totalarealet), utgjør Statsallmenninger 60% av respondentene og 80% av det gjenværende arealet. Eiendommer med en privat eier utgjør 26% av respondentene og 14% av det gjenværende arealet. På 57% av eiendommene drives det ikke aktiv predatorkontroll. Trettisju prosent oppgir at predatorkontroll drives av jegerne som jakter der, og 13% oppgir at predatorkontroll drives av oppsynspersonellet eller andre ansatte. De viktigste formålene med predatorkontroll går på å begrense predasjon av egg og kyllinger for å øke, eller sikre en mer stabil bestand av småvilt som rype og skogsfugl. De artene som oftest etterstrebes er rødrev, mår, ravn og kråke.
Det mest vanlige formålet med å tilby rypejakt er å sikre allmennhetens tilgang til jakt, deretter å sikre inntjening for grunneiere og sikre arbeidsplasser, samt bidra til distriktsutvikling. Tre rettighetshavere ønsker å tilby eksklusiv jakt av høy kvalitet, noe fjellstyrene ikke har mulighet til,
på grunn av prisreguleringer i forskriften for statsallmenninger. Fem eiendommer selger jakt som kombinasjonsprodukter av flere typer jakt, f.eks rype-villrein, med vekt på opphold, guiding m.m. Tretten prosent av rettighetshaverne har utarbeidet driftsplaner som et styringsverktøy for forvaltningen av småvilt. Tjueseks prosent av rettighetshaverne har planlagt å utarbeide driftsplan, mens 53% har ikke planer om å utarbeide driftsplan for småvilt.
I Statsallmenninger anslås det at fordelinga er ca ¼ lokale jegere, mens ¾ er tilreisende jegere. På eiendommer med en privat eier, er forholdet anslått å være motsatt, med 80% lokale og 20% tilreisende jegere. På eiendommer som forvaltes av grunneierlag er det en liten overvekt lokale jegere (58%), mens 42 % er tilreisende jegere. Førtito prosent oppgir at jaktstart er 10. september, det samme gjør Statskog SF og Finnmarkseiendommen. Tretti prosent oppgir jaktstart den 15. september. Fire eiendommer har jaktstart innen perioden fra 21. september – 5. oktober. Mest vanlig er det at rypejakta avsluttes før julefredningen, det vil si at siste jaktdag er lille julaften. Det er kun 10 av 45 eiendommer som oppgir at rypejakt er tillatt etter nyttår, men 23 eiendommer oppgir samtidig at harejakt er tillatt etter nyttår.
Kun 10 av 53 rettighetshavere oppgir transportbehov inn til jaktterrenget/hytte. Dette er først og fremst 4-hjuls motorsykkel eller hest, mens traktor og annet motorisert kjøretøy forekommer også. Kun en rettighetshaver oppgir helikopter. På vinteren oppgir 6 rettighetshavere at det er behov for snøskuter.
Den vanligste måten å skaffe seg oversikt over rypebestanden i terrenget er via lokal fangstrapportering fra jegerne, omlag 60% av rettighetshaverne oppgir dette, mens 40% gjør vurderinger selv. Femten eiendommer (28%) benytter data fra linjetakseringer hver høst i regi av Høgskolene i Hedmark eller Nord-Trøndelag. Produksjonsundersøkelser i form av vingeprøver benyttes av 15% av rettighetshaverne, mens 13% av rettighetshaverne gjør ikke noe for å skaffe seg oversikt over bestandene.
Åtte eiendommer opplyser at de har definert en nedre grense før beskatningsregulerende tiltak iverksettes. Grenseverdiene varierer mellom 4-20 ryper km2, og har gjennomsnittsverdi på 13 ryper/km2. Det er mest vanlig å begrense antall jaktkort, forby vinterjakt, samt innføre dagskvoter. Førtini prosent av rettighetshaverne mener det er et dårlig rypeår når tettheten er 10 ryper/km2 eller mindre, mens 43% mener det er et godt rypeår ved tettheter over 30 ryper/km2. Vi fant at rettighetshaverne generelt har aksept for at inntil 20-30% av arealet fredes for jakt og at de mener en årlig kvote på rundt 14 ryper, eller en kvote knyttet til jaktkortet på 8 ryper er passende.
Femtifem prosent av rettighetshaverne anslo at inntil 20 hytter ble benyttet i forbindelse med rypejakta, med et gjennomsnitt på 15 hytter per eiendom. Det var stor enighet om at hytter er viktig i forhold til lokaløkonomien og for å utnytte mulighetene for å skaffe seg inntekter fra utleie knyttet opp mot småviltjakta. Samtidig var det også stor enighet om at hytter kan virke negativt på småviltbestander i form av at de trekker til seg generalistpredatorer som rev og kråke, samt noe enighet om at hyttefelt kan bygge ned verdifulle områder for rype, samtidig som hytter gjør området mer attraktivt for jegere
