1,720,957 research outputs found
IN THE ORIGINS OF FORMATION OF DOMESTIC UROLOGY
Full text linkThe article notes that the problems of urology of the first half of the XX century were worked out by joint efforts of surgeons and urologists who distinguished their discipline as a narrow specialty from clinical surgery. Domestic medicine, improving and developing narrow specialties in those years, created the best conditions for improving the skills of the relevant specialists, but at the same time considered it necessary to proceed from the principle that a sharp delimitation of diseases and treatment by organs can not always serve the benefit of science and the patient. Special mention should be made of special methods of research – cystoscopy, catheterization of the ureters, pyelography, etc. – have become generally accepted for urologists and surgeons. Domestic urologists developed methods of operative access to the kidney, methods of intracapsular removal of it, methods of plastic restoration of the urino-genital organs. The author analyzes significant achievements in the treatment of congenital malformations of the genitourinary system in children, especially in the transplantation of ureters into the gut with ectopia of the bladder. When injuring the pelvic bones, rational surgical treatment of the wound at the first stages of evacuation, taking into account the anatomical features of the cellular spaces of the pelvis and the functions of the pelvic organs, was the main method of preventing subsequent complications. It is shown that in those years one of the important sections of the work of the urological departments of surgical hospitals was the treatment of gunshot injuries of the urethra. To treat these injuries, we used all sorts of developed ones before the Second World War. Domestic surgery in the first half of the XX century conducted an in-depth study of the main issues of theoretical and practical surgeons and urology. Surgical disciplines, including urology, began to approach the study of pathogenesis and the entire picture of the disease, guided by the teachings of Academician I.P. Pavlov on the role and significance of the central nervous system in the life of a living organism.Disclosure: The study did not have sponsorship. The author declares no conflict of interest
The Role of the Outstanding Professor Leopold Kasper in the Development of European Clinical Urology of the Second Half of the XIX and Early XX Centuries (to the 160th anniversary of his birth)
Full text linkThe development and scientific priorities of European urology of the second half of the XIX and early XX centuries are analyzed. The main dates of life and scientific and practical activity of Prof. Leopold Kasper are presented. The scientific views and thoughts of the scientist are noted. He specialized in urology under the leadership of G. Thompson, P. Freyer, F. Guyon, I. Albarran and L. Dittel after graduating from the University of Berlin in 1883. L. Kasper was the founder of a large German urological school. In addition, he is the author of many works, among which research on cystoscopy, endoscopic operations, functional diagnosis of kidneys diseases, treatment of renal tuberculosis and kidney stone disease, prostate diseases, transurethral galvanocaustics of bladder tumors, etc. are particularly distinguished. He constructed a special catheterization cystoscope (1895) through which for the first time it became possible to study the functional ability of each kidney individually, which greatly facilitated the recognition and treatment of surgical diseases of the kidneys and upper urinary tract. He improved and put into practice a functional renal test with floridzine and cryoscopic urine examination obtained from each kidney separately by catheterization of the ureters. It is noted that L. Kasper was one of the founders of the Society of German urologists, whose founding meeting was held in 1907 in Vienna. In the same year, L. Kasper, together with other prominent surgeons and urologists, founded the journal «Zeitschrift für Urologie», of which he was editor for decades. L. Kasper was an honorary member of nineteen scientific societies, including the Society of Moscow urologists, of which he was elected an honorary member in 1924
MEMORIES OF PROFESSORS OF D. IZRAEL (1848–1926) AND M. NITTS (1848–1906) (TO THE 170 ANNIVERSARY SINCE BIRTH)
Full text linkThe article notes that James Israel and Max Nitze have successfully developed European medicine for more than 30 years of their scientific and practical activities, enriching it with both experimental and large clinical experience. Their scientific achievements greatly contributed to the development of modern clinical urology throughout the world. Based on an analysis of the results of more than 1000 nephrectomy operations for tuberculosis, Izrael made a conclusion about the effectiveness of surgical treatment of this disease. In addition to kidney surgery, J. Israel developed questions of rhinoplasty. He participated in the International Congress of Physicians in Moscow (1897), where he reported on 191 kidney operations. He was an honorary member of the German Society of Surgeons, the Berlin Society of Urology, President of the International Congress of Urology (Paris, 1908). The main merit of M. Nitze is the invention of a cystoscope, in which for the first time an electric light source for illuminating the bladder was located at the end of a tool inserted into the bladder. The invention of the cystoscope contributed to the development of urology as an independent clinical discipline and marked the beginning of endoscopic studies of various organs and body cavities. It is analyzed the fact that the history of medicine gives rich material not only to understanding evolution, but also to the possibility to foresee its further development. The current state of clinical urology is determined by the progress of basic research in biology, physics, biochemistry, bacteriology, immunology, pharmacology. At the same time, it was noted that the personality of the scientist-physician, his observation, the non-standard view, the ability to see the opening perspectives, to bring up worthy students, to create a scientific and clinical school of urologists, is of utmost importance, at the same time, to the full compliance of the great German urologists J Israel and M. Nitze.Disclosure: The study did not have sponsorship. The author declares no conflict of interest
Anatoly Pavlovich Frumkin (1897-1962): сhief urologist of the Soviet Army and outstanding scientist
Full text linkThe article marks the main years of the life and work of Professor A.P. Frumkin. It is shown that since 1926 for 36 years he worked in the hospital to them. S.P. Botkin (first as resident, and then head of the urology department). In 1939 he defended his doctoral thesis on the topic «Intravenous pyelography». From 1946 to 1962 He headed the Department of Urology at the CIU doctors. During the Great Patriotic War, he was the chief urologist of the Soviet Army. A.P. Frumkin is the author of over 150 scientific papers, including 4 monographs on various issues of urology. The fact that A.P. Frumkin was engaged in the development of methods for urethrography, intestinal plasty of the ureter and bladder (intestinal plasty), surgical treatment of urinogenital fistulas, treatment of purulent processes in the kidneys. It was noted that he introduced into practice a number of original urological operations: resection of the bladder neck in cancer, upper pyelolithotomy, subcapsular pyelotomy, bladder creation operation in extrastrophy, and others. A.P. Frumkin was the editor of the Urology department of the 2nd ed. BME, the deputy. editor of the Journal of Urology, editor of the Department of Urology of the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Military Medicine (1946), editor of the 13th volume of the Experience of soviet Medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. It is noted that since 1949, A. P. Frumkin was the permanent chairman of the All-Union and Moscow Urological Societies, an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Medical Society, the Society of Urologists of the German Democratic Republic and Poland. It is emphasized that the progressive development of the school created by A.P. Frumkin, and the dialectical continuation of his ideas in the works of his students, are the best monument to the creative activity of the scientist
Prof. S.P. Fedorov — founder of urology in Russia (150th anniversary of the birthday)
Full text linkThis article presents the important scientific achievements of S.P. Fedorov as a urologist. S.P. Fedorov is the author of over 120 scientific papers. It was noted that in 1892 he was the first in Russia to prepare and use cholera antitoxin for the treatment of patients, then tetanus toxin and antitoxin, found that antitoxin protects against tetanus if it is administered simultaneously with the toxin. Abroad S.P. Fedorov studied the system of aseptic mode of operation from K. Schimmelbush, and L. Casper studied the method of cystoscopy and catheterization of the ureters and other endoscopic methods that appeared at that time. It was shown that S.P. Fedorov developed new surgeries — in situ pyelotomy, subcapsular nephrectomy, and new surgical instruments were proposed. He is rightly called the father of Russian urology. The circumstance is analyzed that the main direction of S.P. Fedorov's scientific activity was the problems of surgery of the urinary and biliary tracts. He summarized the extensive experience of the surgeon in the Atlas of Cystoscopy and Rectoscopy (1911), the Surgery of the Kidneys and Ureters (1923-1925), and others. Galpernom edition of the surgical journal «New Surgical Archive», essentially the first Soviet surgical journal, created in the difficult years of the Civil War and post-war devastation. He was the editor of the 1st edition of the BME, together with S.S. Girgolavom and A.V. Martynov was the editor of the multivolume Guide to Practical Surgery. S.P. Fedorov created a major domestic surgical school, from which dozens of specialists, heads of surgical departments of medical universities in various cities of the USSR graduated. The name of S.P. Fedorov was given to the department of hospital surgery of the Military Medical Academy. S.M. Kirov. It is noted that he was the first of the Soviet surgeons to be awarded the Order of Lenin (1933)
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE BRILLIANT GERMAN PROFESSOR M. NITZE IN CLINICAL UROLOGY (TO THE 170th ANNIVERSARY) (1848–1906)
No full textAcademician S.R. Mirotvortsev (1878 - 1949) – the Clinical Physician, the Teacher, the Urologist Innovator (to the 140 anniversary since birth)
Full text linkThe main milestones of life and S.R. Mirotvortsev’s creativity are given in article. The little-known facts from the biography of professor are noted. Rewarding with two gold medals for student’s works is analyzed: «Vessels and nerves of sinews of foot of the person» (in common with the student V.P. Vorobyov) and «Dislocations of bones of a wrist». It is noted that during the Russian-Japanese war spent 11 months in the besieged Port Arthur and remained with the wounded who were taken prisoner to Japanese there. From 1905 to 1914 worked in VMA at first under the leadership of professor S.P. Fedorov, then the assistant for professor V.A. Oppel. It is shown that since 1914 until the end of life worked in Saratov, occupying department of the general surgery, and since 1920 — faculty surgical clinic. From 1922 to 1928 the rector of the Saratov university. In the period of the Great Patriotic War was the chief surgeon of Saratov and the Saratov region. S.R. Mirotvortsev published about 150 scientific works on questions of clinical and field surgery. In work it is analyzed that he in 1908 offered original operation of change of ureters in a rectum, having defended the doctoral dissertation (1909) on this subject. It is noted that the broad popularity was gained by its researches about malignant new growths, in particular sarcomas of tubular bones. It developed methods of unilateral switching off of a large intestine, plasticity of a firm meninx the sealing gland, processing’s of burn wounds potassium permanganate solution. S.R. Mirotvortsev suggested to use haemostatic properties of a catgut for a local stop of bleedings from parenchymatous bodies and sine of a firm meninx. From numerous works on field surgery detailed statistical development of 180 thousand cases of a gunshot wound is especially valuable during World War I of 1914 — 1918. It is noted that the department of faculty surgery of the Saratov medical institute and the street in Saratov is called by the name of S.R. Mirotvortsev. It is awarded with awards of the Labour Red Banner, the Red Star and medals
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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