434 research outputs found
Terpenoid profiles of resin in the genus Dracaena are species specific
No full textVaníčková, Lucie, Pompeiano, Antonio, Maděra, Petr, Massad, Tara Joy, Vahalík, Petr (2020): Terpenoid profiles of resin in the genus Dracaena are species specific. Phytochemistry (112197) 170: 1-8, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112197, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.11219
Data for: Regeneration dynamics in old-growth urban forest gaps
No full textSeed and seedling data for Overton Park, Memphis, TN US
Cost risk benefit analysis to support chemoprophylaxis policy for travellers to malaria endemic countries.
No full textBACKGROUND: In a number of malaria endemic regions, tourists and travellers face a declining risk of travel associated malaria, in part due to successful malaria control. Many millions of visitors to these regions are recommended, via national and international policy, to use chemoprophylaxis which has a well recognized morbidity profile. To evaluate whether current malaria chemo-prophylactic policy for travellers is cost effective when adjusted for endemic transmission risk and duration of exposure. a framework, based on partial cost-benefit analysis was used. METHODS: Using a three component model combining a probability component, a cost component and a malaria risk component, the study estimated health costs avoided through use of chemoprophylaxis and costs of disease prevention (including adverse events and pre-travel advice for visits to five popular high and low malaria endemic regions) and malaria transmission risk using imported malaria cases and numbers of travellers to malarious countries. By calculating the minimal threshold malaria risk below which the economic costs of chemoprophylaxis are greater than the avoided health costs we were able to identify the point at which chemoprophylaxis would be economically rational. RESULTS: The threshold incidence at which malaria chemoprophylaxis policy becomes cost effective for UK travellers is an accumulated risk of 1.13% assuming a given set of cost parameters. The period a travellers need to remain exposed to achieve this accumulated risk varied from 30 to more than 365 days, depending on the regions intensity of malaria transmission. CONCLUSIONS: The cost-benefit analysis identified that chemoprophylaxis use was not a cost-effective policy for travellers to Thailand or the Amazon region of Brazil, but was cost-effective for travel to West Africa and for those staying longer than 45 days in India and Indonesia
NKG2D stimulated T-cell autoreactivity in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica
No full textTo investigate functional expression of NKG2D on CD4 and CD8 T-cells in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
A mathematical model to evaluate the impact of temperature on the evolution of virulence
No full textO fenômeno do aumento global da temperatura é uma realidade inquestionável. Tendo em vista tal cenário, acredita-se que haverá uma expansão geográfica (migração de populações humanas) e um aumento na incidência de infecções tropicais. No entanto, a tendência de aumento da severidade destas infecções como função do aumento da temperatura ainda é desconhecida. Suponha que duas cepas de um dado parasita estejam competindo pelo mesmo hospedeiro. É possível mostrar que, em geral, a cepa com uma estratégia evolu- cionária estável, isto é, aquela que vence a competição, é aquela com maior valor de reprodutibilidade basal. Queremos saber quais combinações de temperatura ambiental T e virulência V maximizam Ro(T, V). Para isto calculamos o plano tangente ao ponto máximo (ou a uma região de máximo) e analisamos as respectivas curvas de nível. Para tanto, calculamos o seguinte sistema de equações diferenciais: ?Ro/?T = 0 ; ?Ro/?V = 0 (1). Agora, consideremos o caso de uma infecção transmitida por um vetor. De- monstramos que, neste caso, o aumento na Virulência do parasita está associada ao aumento na Temperatura. Esta hipótese é embasada por evidências empíricas de dengue hemorrágica em Singapura que vem aumentando sua virulência à medida em que há um aumento observado da temperatura local nos últimos anos.The phenomenon of global increase of the temperature is reality unquestionable. In this case, it is expected that the increase in the global temperature will lead to an expansion of the geographical spread and to an increase in the incidence of tropical infections. However, the trend in severity of those infections as a function of the increase in the temperature is still unknown. Suppose that two strains of a given parasite are competing for the same host. It is possible to demonstrate that, in general, the strain with an evolutionary stable strategy, that is, the one that wins the competition, is the one with the highest value of R 0. We want to know which combination of environmental temperature T and virulence V maximizes R 0( V ). For this we calculate the tangent plane to the maximum point, that is ?Ro/?T=0 ; ?Ro/?V=0 (2) Now, let us consider the case of a vector-borne infection. We demonstrate, in this case, that the increase in temperature is associated with an increase in the parasite virulence. This hypothesis is supported by empirical evidence from dengue hemorrhagic fever in Singapore, which is increasing its virulence along with the increase in the local temperature observed in the last years
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No full textEsta pesquisa se propôs a estudar o comportamento de fundações profundas, em Londrina-PR, quanto ao recalque e à capacidade de carga. As fundações analisadas foram do tipo tubulão a céu aberto, estacas Hélice Contínua e estacas escavadas. Os dois primeiros casos foram analisados no decorrer das obras dos edifícios e o das estacas escavadas, em um campo experimental. Foi realizada uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre capacidade de cargas de fundações profundas e previsão de recalques em bases alargadas e estacas escavadas. Foi dada ênfase especial para os solos argilosos. Fez-se uma ampla caracterização do solo regional, levantando-se os bancos de dados de ensaios de caracterização, adensamento, sondagem SPT-T e provas de cargas. O subsolo local é caracterizado por solo residual de basalto, tipo argila siltosa porosa vermelha (terra roxa). Na primeira camada, nos primeiros 8m, o solo é mole e colapsível. A seguir, vai ficando mais resistente com a profundidade e se caracteriza por uma alteração de rocha rija a dura, de mesma procedência basáltica. Constatou-se que o desempenho das fundações, em geral, foi muito melhor do que o esperado. A influência do atrito lateral é predominante nos elementos longos, e os recalques medidos foram da ordem de 2 a 3 vezes menores do que os previstos. Foi possível também prever alguns parâmetros usados nos cálculos.This research has proposed to study the behaviour of deep foundations, in Londrina-PR, related to the settlements and the load capacity. The analyzed foundations were large bored piles, continuous flight auger pile and bored piles. The first two cases were analyzed during the construction of the buildings and the bored piles case in an experimental field. A bibliographic revision was done on deep foundations load capacity and on enlarged basis and bored piles settlement forecast. A special emphasis was given to the clay soils. A wide characterization was made in the regional soil, raising the database on the characterization, consolidation, SPT-T test analysis and load testing. The local subsoil is characterized by a basalt residual soil, such as red porous silt clay (purple soil). In the first layer, the first 8 meters, the soil is soft and collapsible. In the following layer, the soil turns to be more resistant with depth and is characterized by a change from rigid rock to stiff soil with the same basaltic derivation. It was verified that the foundations performance was generally much better than expected. The lateral friction influence is predominant in the long elements and the measured settlement were 2 or 3 times less than anticipated. It was also possible to foresee some parameters used in the calculation
Variability in hormone and growth factor receptor expression in primary versus recurrent, metastatic, and post-neoadjuvant breast carcinoma
No full textThe introduction of selective molecular targeted therapy, specifically tamoxifen and trastuzumab, has significantly altered the clinical behavior of breast carcinoma. Several questions remain, however, regarding potential phenotypic drifts in estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (Her-2-neu) expression between the primary and metastatic site. Whether patients should be tested for ER, PR, and Her-2-neu expression in the nodal or distant metastatic site, local recurrence and following neoadjuvant therapy, and whether this has an effect on prognosis remains elusive. A review of 45 studies addressing ER, PR, and Her-2-neu expression in lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, local recurrence, and post-neoadjuvant therapy revealed the following average phenotypic drift in ER, PR, and Her-2-neu expression, respectively: 13.1 percent (median = 10.0 percent), 13.8 percent (median = 16.0 percent), and 7.7 percent (median = 5.0 percent) for lymph node metastasis; 21.8 percent (median = 19.5 percent), 30.8 percent (median = 33.5 percent), and 7.6 percent (median = 6.1 percent) for distant metastasis; 19.8 percent (median = 13.4 percent), 27.1 percent (median = 28.6 percent), and 6.6 percent (median = 1.6 percent) for local recurrence; and 12.9 percent (median = 8.0 percent), 32.0 percent (median = 20.0 percent), and 8.9 percent (median = 0 percent) post-neoadjuvant therapy. The above findings support the notion of re-evaluating ER, PR, and Her-2-neu expression in distant metastasis, lymph node metastasis and to a lesser extent local recurrence. 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Comparison of some statistical methods in survival analysis: application in a cohort of patients with penile cancer
No full textO objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o desempenho do modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox convencional, modelo de Cox modificado quando os riscos não são proporcionais e o modelo de análise de sobrevida baseado na teoria de processos de contagem. Para tanto utilizou-se uma coorte de 648 pacientes portadores de câncer de pênis, atendidos no Departamento de Cirurgia Pélvica do Hospital A. C. Camargo, no período de 1953 a 1985. Dessa coorte foram selecionadas três amostras com o objetivo de validar internamente os resultados da análise de sobrevida do banco de dados original. Os resultados do modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox, no banco de dados original, foram confirmados por uma das amostras desse conjunto de dados. Apenas o estadiamento N foi confirmado como fator prognóstico também nas outras duas amostras. O modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox e o modelo de análise de sobrevida baseado na teoria de processos de contagem apresentaram resultados semelhantes, na definição dos fatores prognósticos dessa coorte de pacientes com câncer de pênis. O modelo utilizando processos de contagem é mais sofisticado, do ponto de vista matemático. Porém o modelo de Cox está disponível em grande número de pacotes estatísticos e a interpretação de seus coeficientes se faz com maior facilidade. Por isso, talvez, continue a ser a técnica estatística mais utilizada quando o objetivo do estudo é definir fatores prognósticos e grupos de risco. Os fatores prognósticos para a sobrevida de pacientes com câncer de pênis foram os estadiamentos T e N e o grau de diferenciação do tumor. Esses resultados foram ajustados pelo ano de início de tratamento no Hospital A.C. Camargo. Os pacientes com prognóstico favorável foram os que apresentaram tumor pequeno, sem presença de linfonodos clinicamente positivos, e tumor bem diferenciado.The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the Cox proportional hazards model, the Cox model with time-dependent covariates and the survival model using the counting process theory. These methods were applied in a cohort of 648 patients with penile cancer treated at the Department of Pelvic Surgery, Hospital A.C. Camargo (São Paulo-Brazil), between 1953 and 1985. Three samples were selected from the total database in order to check the internal validity. The prognostic factors selected using the Cox proportional hazards model were the same in one sample. The only prognostic factor selected in all samples was the N stage. The T and N stages, and the grade of differentiation were independent prognostic factors of survival using both the Cox proportional hazards model and the survival,model using the counting process theory. The statistical significance was the same and even the values of estimation of the coefficients were very close. The survival model using the counting process is more sophisticated from the mathematical point of view, but the Cox model is more available in statistical software, and, probably because of this, is more applied in survival analysis than the model using the counting processo Patients with small tumors, clinically negatives nodes and well differentiated tumors showed a favorable prognosis. These results were adjusted by year of the beginning in the study
Ontogenetic differences of herbivory on woody and herbaceous plants: a meta-analysis demonstrating unique effects of herbivory on the young and the old, the slow and the fast
No full textThe effect of herbivory on plant performance is the subject of a large number of ecological studies, and plant responses to herbivory range from reduced reproduction to overcompensation. Because plant defenses, stored resources, and allocation demands change throughout a plant’s lifetime, it can be hypothesized the effects of herbivory also vary with development. The present work extends previous analyses to incorporate hundreds of studies in a new meta-analysis addressing this topic. Herbivores had an overall negative effect on plant growth and reproduction, and, in contrast to a previous meta-analysis, this work shows the timing of herbivory is relevant. Differences in the effects of herbivory between life stages existed for woody plant reproduction and perennial herb growth. In addition, tree and shrub growth was reduced by herbivore damage at early ontogenetic stages, and perennial herb reproduction was limited by adult stage herbivory. These results partially support the continuum of an ontogenetic response model. Finally, consideration of this synthesis in conjunction with other work led to the conclusion that different plant groups optimize their defense investments in unique ways. Slow-growing plants may strongly chemically defend young tissues, supporting the plant–age hypothesis, because early herbivory is detrimental to growth. Faster-growing herbs may invest more in antiherbivore defense when they are older, supporting the growth–differentiation balance hypothesis, because later herbivory limits their reproduction
Behavior analysis of buildings supported by shallow footing in the neighborhood Ponta da Praia in the city of Santos.
No full textA pesquisa aborda problemas de recalques que vem ocorrendo na Cidade de Santos desde o início dos anos 40, devido à implantação de edifícios sob fundação direta. O trabalho destaca o Bairro da Ponta da Praia, onde os recalques ocorridos, principalmente os diferencias, foram bem menores que no restante da orla, e a região entre os canais três e seis, denominado pela autora Faixa Crítica, onde estão concentrados diversos edifícios inclinados ao longo da orla. Foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica envolvendo aspectos históricos, geológicos e geotécnicos sobre a cidade de Santos e os principais fatores que a tornaram tão conhecida pelos edifícios tortos ao longo de sua orla. Nessa revisão, apresentaram-se dados sobre o subsolo de Santos, no contexto mais geral dos solos, a Baixada Santista. Foram reapresentados dados de alguns edifícios bastante recalcados e conhecidos na cidade e analisados métodos existentes para estabilização de recalques; alguns casos de aplicação foram relatados. Os estudos foram baseados em uma grande quantidade de sondagens de simples reconhecimento coletadas na cidade; alguns ensaios do cone, CPT e CPTU, também foram analisados. Foi feita uma comparação entre as duas regiões Ponta da Praia e Faixa Crítica, mostrando as diferenças nas espessuras e nas propriedades geotécnicas das camadas de areia superficial. Foram feitos também cálculos para a previsão de recalques no bairro da Ponta da Praia e na Faixa Crítica, levando-se em conta os mecanismos de sobreadensamento das argilas da Baixada Santista e diferenças nas espessuras da camada de areia superficial. Com a análise das sondagens coletadas foi possível responder alguns questionamentos sobre o perfil geotécnico da Orla de Santos, traçar o perfil geotécnico da orla do bairro da Ponta da Praia e traçar seções no sentido transversal à orla, (praia-centro).The research concerns settlement issues occurring in the city of Santos since the 40s because of the building construction under shallow foundation. The work emphasizes the neighborhood called Ponta da Praia where the settlements mainly the differentials, have been slighter than the rest of the seashore, and the region between the channels three and six, named by the author the Critical Strip several inclined buildings are concentrated along the seashore. A bibliographic revision has been made involving historical, geological and geotechnical aspects about the city of Santos and the mainly facts which became the city well-known due to the inclined buildings along the seashore. The revision presented specific geotechnical data about the Santos subsoil, in the general context the Santos Coastal Plain, named Baixada Santista. Settlement data of some inclined buildings where also presented and current plumbing methods were evaluated and some application cases were reported. The studies were based in a large amount of borings (SPT) executed in the city; and a couple of CPT and CPTU were analyzed. The differences between Ponta da Praia and the Critical Strip were pointed out related to the upper sand layer thickness as well as its geotechnical properties. Also computations were made for the evaluation of settlement in the neighborhood Ponta da Praia an in the Critical Strip taking into account the known clay overconsolidation mechanisms in the Baixada Santista and differences in upper sand layer thickness. With the boring analyses it was possible to answer some questions about the existing geotechnical section of the neighborhood Ponta da Praia and to sketch cross-sections transverse to the seashore (beach city center)
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