3,842 research outputs found
The Return of Coppersmith's Attack: Practical Factorization of Widely Used RSA Moduli
No full textWe report on our discovery of an algorithmic flaw in the construction of primes for RSA key generation in a widely-used library of a major manufacturer of cryptographic hardware. The primes generated by the library suffer from a significant loss of entropy. We propose a practical factorization method for various key lengths including 1024 and 2048 bits. Our method requires no additional information except for the value of the public modulus and does not depend on a weak or a faulty random number generator. We devised an extension of Coppersmith's factorization attack utilizing an alternative form of the primes in question. The library in question is found in NIST FIPS 140-2 and CC EAL 5+ certified devices used for a wide range of real-world applications, including identity cards, passports, Trusted Platform Modules, PGP and tokens for authentication or software signing. As the relevant library code was introduced in 2012 at the latest (and probably earlier), the impacted devices are now widespread. Tens of thousands of such keys were directly identified, many with significant impacts, especially for electronic identity documents, software signing, Trusted Computing and PGP. We estimate the number of affected devices to be in the order of at least tens of millions.
The worst cases for the factorization of 1024 and 2048-bit keys are less than 3 CPU-months and 100 CPU-years on single core of common recent CPUs, respectively, while the expected time is half of that of the worst case. The attack can be parallelized on multiple CPUs. Worse still, all susceptible keys contain a strong fingerprint that is verifiable in microseconds on an ordinary laptop -- meaning that all vulnerable keys can be quickly identified, even in very large datasets
I Want to Break Square-free: The 4p − 1 Factorization Method and Its RSA Backdoor Viability
No full textWe analyze Cheng's 4p-1 factorization method as the means of a potential backdoor for the RSA primes generated inside black-box devices like cryptographic smartcards, and we devise three detection methods for such a backdoor. We also audit 44 millions of RSA keypairs generated by 18 different types of cryptographic devices. Finally, we offer an improved, simplified and asymptotically deterministic version of the method, together with a deeper analysis of its performance and we publish a Sage implementation (we are currently not aware of any other public implementation)
Minerva: The curse of ECDSA nonces
No full textWe present our discovery of a group of side-channel vulnerabilities in implementations of the ECDSA signature algorithm in a widely used Atmel AT90SC FIPS 140-2 certified smartcard chip and five cryptographic libraries (libgcrypt, wolfSSL, MatrixSSL, SunEC/OpenJDK/Oracle JDK, Crypto++). Vulnerable implementations leak the bit-length of the scalar used in scalar multiplication via timing. Using leaked bit-length, we mount a lattice attack on a 256-bit curve, after observing enough signing operations. We propose two new methods to recover the full private key requiring just 500 signatures for simulated leakage data, 1200 for real cryptographic library data, and 2100 for smartcard data. The number of signatures needed for a successful attack depends on the chosen method and its parameters as well as on the noise profile, influenced by the type of leakage and used computation platform. We use the set of vulnerabilities reported in this paper, together with the recently published TPM-FAIL vulnerability [MSE+20] as a basis for real-world benchmark datasets to systematically compare our newly proposed methods and all previously published applicable lattice-based key recovery methods. The resulting exhaustive comparison highlights the methods’ sensitivity to its proper parametrization and demonstrates that our methods are more efficient in most cases. For the TPM-FAIL dataset, we decreased the number of required signatures from approximately 40 000 to mere 900
“Poland represented existential experiences of resistance, political experiences and intellectual impact”. Marek Zybura in conversation with Wolfgang Templin, the author of the German biography of Józef Piłsudski
No full textWolfgang Templin (born in 1948) was active in the democratic resistance in the former GDR. He co‑founded the party Bündnis 90 in reunified Germany and was writer and author of history books. In the conversation with Marek Zybura (born in 1957) —the Chair of History of Literature and Culture of Germany in the Willy Brandt Centre of German and European Studies at the University of Wroclaw—Templin discusses the origins of his Piłsudski biography (2022), which is being published in the Polish translation by Bellona in Warsaw
Opening sentences in Marek Krajewski’s novels
No full textOpening sentences raise a lot of interest of both linguists and common Polish speakers. It is evident from numerous websites in which Internet users share their observations on the best opening sentences of books (most often novels), as well as theoretical papers and writing guides. The analysis of opening sentences of ten novels by Marek Krajewski (co-author of two of them being Mariusz Czubaj) is to provide an answer to the question to what extent the utterance opening of the texts of the Wroc³aw-based prose writer fulfill the requirements to be met by such type of constructions. It turns out that most crucial are syntactic and semantic features rather than lexical ones. The clash between theoretical assumptions and the M. Krajewski’s writing practice shows that opening sentences of his novels not always fall into classical determinants of incipient formulas. It also illustrates the thesis that a skillful writer does not need to cling to theoretical assumptions to create good opening sentences and novels translated into nearly twenty languages
Reality as a feeling – a feeling as reality. On the film by Joseph Cedar, Footnote
No full textHendrykowski Marek, Reality as a feeling – a feeling as reality. On the film by Joseph Cedar, Footnote. “Images” vol. XXV, no. 34. Poznań 2019. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 57–xx. ISSN 1731-450X. DOI 10.14746/i.2019.34.04.
This analytical study by Marek Hendrykowski is an attempt to re-read one of the most valuable contemporary films of Israeli production, Footnote, written and directed by Joseph Cedar. The author paid particular attention to the specific way of conducting a seemingly dependent narration, skillfully combining the image of external reality with the sphere of thought and the feelings of the main character.Hendrykowski Marek, Reality as a feeling – a feeling as reality. On the film by Joseph Cedar, Footnote. “Images” vol. XXV, no. 34. Poznań 2019. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 57–xx. ISSN 1731-450X. DOI 10.14746/i.2019.34.04.
This analytical study by Marek Hendrykowski is an attempt to re-read one of the most valuable contemporary films of Israeli production, Footnote, written and directed by Joseph Cedar. The author paid particular attention to the specific way of conducting a seemingly dependent narration, skillfully combining the image of external reality with the sphere of thought and the feelings of the main character
The trend of nominal and real exchange rate of koruna
No full textBachelor work, topic: The trend of nominal and real exchange rate of koruna Author: Marek Kolman Supervisor: Doc. Ing. Josef Taušer, Ph.D. Size: 58 page
O Słowackim ponowocześnie [rec. Marek Troszyński: Słowacki. Poza kanonem. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Słowo/ Obraz Terytoria, 2014, ss. 411, nlb. 5, il. 65.]
No full textThe title of Marek Troszyński’s book Słowacki. Poza kanonem is excellent from the perspective of marketing, but at the same time, it succeeds in conveying thecontent of the 11 chapters of different length, supplemented with 8 interesting appendices and 65 aptly selected and described illustrations. In a way, it has a character of sylwa; its previous versions (published in refereed magazines and collective monographs) became considerably re‑edited in order to achieve the result in the form of monography. I accept the opening form of this dissertation, which is proposed by the author, as well as his affirmative attitude to the poet’s quasi‑literary achievements, which makes the author “a friendly witness” of Słowacki’s biography and writing. The work is undoubtedly original, own, exceptional and quite unique. I do not expect that in the foreseeable future we will encounter any gifted follower of the method, inquisitiveness, a highly interesting narration, and at the same time a lucky discoverer of so many philological findings, offering such a great number of the conjectures of the poems, not necessarily canonical ones, however, coming after the “canonical”, because critical, edition of Juliusz Kleiner. The title of Marek Troszyński’s book Słowacki. Poza kanonem is excellent from the perspective of marketing, but at the same time, it succeeds in conveying thecontent of the 11 chapters of different length, supplemented with 8 interesting appendices and 65 aptly selected and described illustrations. In a way, it has a character of sylwa; its previous versions (published in refereed magazines and collective monographs) became considerably re‑edited in order to achieve the result in the form of monography. I accept the opening form of this dissertation, which is proposed by the author, as well as his affirmative attitude to the poet’s quasi‑literary achievements, which makes the author “a friendly witness” of Słowacki’s biography and writing. The work is undoubtedly original, own, exceptional and quite unique. I do not expect that in the foreseeable future we will encounter any gifted follower of the method, inquisitiveness, a highly interesting narration, and at the same time a lucky discoverer of so many philological findings, offering such a great number of the conjectures of the poems, not necessarily canonical ones, however, coming after the “canonical”, because critical, edition of Juliusz Kleiner. 
Adam Mickiewicz − The Presumed Reader of Słowacki’s Drama “Ksiądz Marek” [“Father Marek”]
No full textArtykuł koncentruje się na problematyce koncepcji estetycznych i ich twórczych realizacji w latach czterdziestych XIX wieku, po tzw. przełomie towianistycznym, w dramatach autora Balladyny. Z tej perspektywy intrygująca wydaje się figura Mickiewicza − domniemanego odbiorcy późnej twórczości Słowackiego, w tym dramatu pt. Ksiądz Marek, uznawanego za najbardziej towianistyczne dzieło poety. Wychodząc od próby odtworzenia domniemanej lektury tekstu Słowackiego przez Mickiewicza, ponawiam w tekście pytanie o milczenie profesora w Collège de France na temat twórczości Słowackiego − zwłaszcza tej późnej, z lat czterdziestych, która powinna być bliska Mickiewiczowi. Zadaję je w kontekście intrygującego faktu przemilczenia przez autora Dziadów własnej twórczości w prelekcjach paryskich.The article focuses on the issues of aesthetic concepts and their creative realisations in the forties, after the so-called Towian breakthrough, in the dramas of the author of Balladyna [Balladyna]. From this perspective, the figure of Mickiewicz seems to be intriguing − he appears as a supposed recipient of Słowacki’s late work, including the drama “Ksiądz Marek” [“Father Marek”], which is considered to be the work most influenced by Towianist ideas. Starting from attempts to reconstruct the alleged reading of Słowacki’s text by Mickiewicz, I repeat the question about the professor’s silence at the Collège de France about the work of Słowacki − especially that written in the late forties, which should be well-known to Mickiewicz. I ask this question in the context of an intriguing fact of Mickiewicz’s silence about his own work during his Paris lectures
The Mimicry of Juliusz Słowacki's Father Marek
No full textThis paper seeks to consider the issue of mimicry in Juliusz Słowacki's drama Father Marek. The semantics of the theatrical sign has been interpreted on the basis of theoretical, theatrical, and theological studies. The author analyses the mimicry of figures as a visual sign of their space and internal states. She turns our attention to the importance of mimicry in the stage rendering of mystical experiences, the role of metaphor and relations in the creation of that theatrical sign
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