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Human nature as a task. On human nature in the Nicomachean Ethics
No full textTitle: Human Nature as a Man's Task. Study of Human Nature in the Nicomachean Ethics Author: Mgr. Stanislav SYNEK Department: Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague Supervisor: prof. PhDr. Jan SOKOL, Ph.D., CSc. Abstract: The thesis concentrates on two basic concepts of Aristotle's ethics: happiness (EUDAIMONIA) and (human) nature (FYSIS). It's main aim is to show that human nature is not a state into which an individual is born but an end that is to be achieved through excellent, i.e. virtuous activity during the course of the whole human life. In chapter one ethics is introduced as a theoretical enquiry that is trying to understand the true nature of this end (EUDAIMONIA). This enquiry must be based on practical effort of acquiring the requisite excellence, which is shown in chapters two and three. The best human life consists in performing excellent actions. Thus excellence is a criterion of what is good or bad in terms ofliving the best way life. But excellence for Aristotle is not a general concept: it is always a disposition of some individual that is manifested in his actions and in the way he understands variable actual situations. Emphasis on excellence so understood means also that human nature demonstrates itself not (only) in what is usual or common but also on what is..
The Role of Understanding in Latin Rhetoric
No full textThe thesis deals with understanding in the rhetorical art of Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, Marcus Tullius Cicero, and the author of the Rhetorica ad Herennium, how they understood their art and how they took into account comprehension on the part of the listener. The starting point of the investigation is phenomenological. It is based on Martin Heidegger's definition of the phenomenon of interpretation from Being and Time. The structure of practical interpretation and the fore-structures in which each interpretation is grounded are traced in theoretical texts of rhetorical art. This allows for a deeper analysis of the understanding that speakers mention and for capturing understanding even where they are not explicitly thematized. The analysis of the texts is divided into two parts. The first deals with understanding on the part of the speaker. The connection between the practical interpretation of rhetoric and the convergence of Roman rhetorical art and philosophy is shown. The second analytical section is devoted primarily to the listener's understanding, the connection of interpretation to attunement and proof. It traces the role that understanding plays in what takes place between the speaker, his adversary, and the listener, and how the listener should understand what is being used against him..
Calmness of Heart as Topos of the Epicurean Lifestyle Reflected in the Biographical Narration of Contemporaries
Get PDF1 ABSTRACT Title: Calmness of Heart as Topos of the Epicurean Lifestyle Reflected in the Biographical Narration of Contemporaries Author: Pavlína Havlová Department: Oral History - Contemprorary History Supervisor: Mgr. David Bartoň Abstract: The proposed diploma thesis focuses on the presence of the Epicurean tradition in the biographical narration of selected contemporaries. The main emphasis is laid on substantiating relatedness between the thoughts that were formulated by the Greek thinker Epicurus at the turn of 3rd and 4th century BC and the values and lifestyle of the given individuals. The theoretical basis of the thesis is Epicurus's Letter to Menoeceus, which contains the explication of human life and ethics in particular. Based on the analysis of the letter, four general topics were defined (sobriety, moderation, internal and external lifestyle). These topics served as starting points for the interviews that also enabled their analysis and interpretation. The interviews were recorded using the oral history method, which facilitates individual approach to the scrutiny of biographical narration of selected contemporaries. Keywords: Epicurus, Epicurean, Ethics, Character, Sensibility (Temperance and Sobriety, Sophrosyne resp.), Happiness (Well-fare/Flourishing, Eudaimonia resp.), Moderation..
Role porozumění v latinském řečnickém umění
No full textThe thesis deals with understanding in the rhetorical art of Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, Marcus Tullius Cicero, and the author of the Rhetorica ad Herennium, how they understood their art and how they took into account comprehension on the part of the listener. The starting point of the investigation is phenomenological. It is based on Martin Heidegger's definition of the phenomenon of interpretation from Being and Time. The structure of practical interpretation and the fore-structures in which each interpretation is grounded are traced in theoretical texts of rhetorical art. This allows for a deeper analysis of the understanding that speakers mention and for capturing understanding even where they are not explicitly thematized. The analysis of the texts is divided into two parts. The first deals with understanding on the part of the speaker. The connection between the practical interpretation of rhetoric and the convergence of Roman rhetorical art and philosophy is shown. The second analytical section is devoted primarily to the listener's understanding, the connection of interpretation to attunement and proof. It traces the role that understanding plays in what takes place between the speaker, his adversary, and the listener, and how the listener should understand what is being used against him...Diplomová práca sa zaoberá porozumením v rečníckom umení Marca Fábia Quintiliána, Marca Tullia Ciceróna, a autora Rhetorica ad Herennium, tým, ako rozumeli svojmu umeniu a ako zohľadňovali porozumenie na strane poslucháča. Východisko skúmania je fenomenologické. Je založené na definícii fenoménu výkladu z Bytia a času od Martina Heideggera. V teoretických textoch rečníckeho umenia sa sleduje štruktúra praktického výkladu a pred- štruktúry, v ktorých je každý výklad založený. Umožňuje to hlbšiu analýzu porozumenia, ktoré rečníci spomínajú a zachytenie porozumenia aj tam, kde sa výslovne netematizuje. Analýza textov je rozdelená na dve časti. Prvá sa venuje porozumeniu na strane rečníka. Ukázala sa tu súvislosť praktického výkladu rétoriky so zbližovaním rímskeho rečníctva a filozofie. Druhá analytická časť je venovaná primárne porozumeniu poslucháča, súvislosti výkladu s naladením a dokazovaním. Sleduje sa tu, akú rolu zohráva porozumenie v tom, čo sa odohráva medzi rečníkom, jeho protivníkom a poslucháčom, a ako by mal poslucháč rozumieť tomu, čo je voči nemu využívané. Ukázalo sa, že k rečníckemu umeniu patrilo skrývanie umenia, že poslucháč by nemal plne porozumieť jeho porozumeniu na strane rečníka.Programme Philosophy in the context of humanitiesProgram Filosofie v kontextu humanitních vědFakulta humanitních studiíFaculty of Humanitie
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
The Problem of human nature in the conception of pleasure in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics
No full textThe essay is trying to reveal the sources of normativity in the Aristotelian conception of pleasure, resp. in general composition of his ethic. The interpretation works mainly with the two treaties of pleasure in the books VII and X of Nicomachean Ethics, but also takes other passages into account. The two main questions are: What is pleasure? What is the good pleasure? To answer these questions the conception of human nature (Pi?Jsis) must be set forth. The essay is trying to show that pleasure itself (hédone) does not allow to establish moral normativity and therefore cannot be acknowledged to be the highest good. The possibility of the difference between "good" and "bad" pleasures appears only with reference to the "object" of pleasure (to hécfy), i.e. with a sort of "stepping out" from solely subjective feeling of pleasure (hédone) to its "objective" content (to hécfy). The normativity itself is established on a specific conception of humanity that is introduced on the key motives of human "task" (ergon) and human nature (P1!Jsis). It shows up that the most important source of normativity is godhood which is represented by reason (logos) in men. The relation between pleasure and the highest good (eudaimonia) alias the actualization (energeia) of man's life in the best way (kat' arete) is ambivalent: on..
Ethics and politics in the perspective of Alasdair MacIntyre
Get PDFStudie nejprve stručně rekapituluje obsah knihy Mariana Kuny (Etika a politika v perspektivě Alasdaira MacIntyra) a snaží se ji kriticky zhodnotit. Poté se krátce věnuje dvěma tématům, klíčovým jak pro MacIntyra, tak pro jmenovanou knihu: otázce „univerzálních ctností“ a otázce pravdy. Zdá se totiž, že právě tyto dvě oblasti nejsou ani u jednoho ze zmiňovaných autorů uspokojivě řešeny.The study summarizes the book by Marian Kuna (Etika a politika v perspektivě Alasdaira MacIntyra) and aims to critically evaluate it. Then it gives a brief account of two topics crucial to both MacIntyre and Kuna: the problem of “universal virtues” and the problem of truth. It seems that neither of these is handled adequately in the works of the mentioned authors.The study summarizes the book by Marian Kuna (Etika a politika v perspektivě Alasdaira MacIntyra) and aims to critically evaluate it. Then it gives a brief account of two topics crucial to both MacIntyre and Kuna: the problem of “universal virtues” and the problem of truth. It seems that neither of these is handled adequately in the works of the mentioned authors
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