586 research outputs found
Force Majeure in Islamic Law of Transaction: A Comparative Study of the Civil Codes of Islamic Countries
Full text linkThis paper attempts to shed lights on the performance of the obligations to a valid contract that can be frustrated by events beyond human control. Such events may have considerable impact on various designated legal principles and rules which is widely known as force majeure. The doctrine of unforeseen circumstances in contemporary legislation, on the main, is expressed in the same term which understandably as result of the origin derivation of the French law le theorie de l’imprévision. Although it is true that there is no such general principle of force majeure in classical Islamic law, the author argues that significant efforts have been made in synthesizing both the Islamic and Western law concepts. Accordingly, despite the fact that the traditional Islamic legal system has its own mechanism to deal with such events at the time of contract, to a certain extent, it has influenced its contemporary form of the concept of intervening conti- ngencies (nazariyyat al-jawa’ih ) as reflected in the Civil Codes of the Arab states. In addition, in response to the exigencies of the ever-increasing problems of modern life which brings with it alien concept, force majeure does not contradict with the provisions of the Shari‘ah since the views of Islamic jurisprudents (fuqahâ) can justifiably be referred to.</p
The Decay of Wall Bounded MHD Turbulence at Low RM
No full textWe have developed a new spectral method to simulate flows with very fine boundary layers present. We apply it to calculate the evolution of freely decaying MHD turbulence between isolating walls. By comparison them with results obtained in fully periodic domain we quantify the influence of the channel walls on the character of freely decaying MHD turbulence
Hall Effects on scale hierarchy in MHD turbulence
No full textDirect numerical simulations of MHD turbulence with and without uniform magnetic field are carried out to study the Hall effects on scale-hierarchy in MHD turbulence. It is observed that vortex and current sheets are filamented either by the Kelvin- Helmholtz instability or magnetic reconnection in case of Hall MHD turbulence, while the filamentation is not observed without the Hall term. We show that the filamentation occurs not only for scales smaller than the ion skin depth, which is indicated by the Hall parameter, but also for scales larger than the ion skin depth, affecting turbulence statistics. It is also shown that the Hall effects can be modelled by a Smagorinsky-type model effectively for high wave number regions
Properties of magnetic energy and magnetic helicity cascades in MHD turbulence
No full textMagnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence is an important part of astrophysical processes, which gives rise to global cosmic magnetic fields. Over the last few decades, the peculiarities of MHD turbulence have attracted the interest of researchers in astrophysics and fluid dynamics, significant attention has been paid to the role of magnetic helicity in fully developed MHD turbulence. Magnetic helicity, together with the energy and cross-helicity, is one of the three integrals of motion in ideal MHD. We show that oppositely directed fluxes of energy and magnetic helicity coexist in the inertial range in fully developed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence with small-scale sources of magnetic helicity. Using a helical shell model of MHD turbulence, we study the high Reynolds number magnetohydrodynamic turbulence with well separated scales of energy input, magnetic helicity input and magnetic helicity sink. We obtain three inertial ranges with different scaling properties. In a short range of scales larger than the forcing scale of magnetic helicity, a bottleneck-like effect appears, which results in a local reduction of the spectral slope. The slope changes in a domain with a high level of relative magnetic helicity, which determines that part of the magnetic energy related to the helical modes at a given scale. In the infrared part of the spectra we observe simultaneous inverse cascade of energy and magnetic helicity. Our results indicate that a large-scale dynamo can be affected by the magnetic helicity generated at small scales. The kinetic helicity, in particular, is not involved in the process at all
Magnetic condensate in 2D MHD
No full textBy means of numerical simulations, we investigate the phenomenon of self-organization of the magnetic field in a large-scale coherent structure, which occurs in two-dimensional Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic (2D MHD) in presence of a magnetic forcing. We show that the magnetic condensate is not able to induce a large-scale motor effect on the velocity field
The 2D/3D dynamics of wall-bounded low-Rm magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence
No full textWith this experimental study, we give evidence that the dynamics of low-Rm MHD turbulence depends on the diffusion length l_z, which corresponds to the distance over which the Lorentz force is able to diffuse momentum before it is balanced by inertia
(Bukti Reviewer) Language and Law: The Significance of Language Competence in Islamic Legal Theory
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Sidewall flow stability in the MHD channel flows
No full textThe velocity distribution between two sidewalls is; M-shaped for the MHD channel flows with rectangular cross section and thin conducting walls in a strong transverse magnetic field. Assume that the dimensionless numbers R(m) much less than 1, M, N much greater than 1, and sigm
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