266,356 research outputs found
The doomsday vault: Seed banks, food security, and climate change
No full text"It could easily provide the back-drop for a James Bond movie. Deep inside a mountain near the North Pole, down a fortified tunnel, and behind airlocked doors in a vault frozen to -18 degrees Celsius, scientists are squirreling away millions of seed samples. The samples constitute the very foundation of agriculture, the biological diversity needed so the world's major food crops can adapt to the next pest or disease, or to climate change. It's little wonder that the Svalbard Global Seed Vault has captured the public's imagination more than almost any agricultural topic in recent years. Popular press reports about the ‘Doomsday Vault,’ however, typically mask the complexity of the endeavor and, if anything, underestimate its practical utility." Cary Fowler\ud
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This chapter considers the use of seed banks to address concerns about intellectual property, climate change and food security. It has a number of themes. First of all, it is interested in the use of ‘Big Science’ projects to address pressing global scientific concerns and Millennium Development Goals. Second, it highlights the increasing use of banks as a means of managing both property and intellectual property across a wide range of fields of agriculture and biotechnology. Third, it considers the linkage of intellectual property, access to genetic resources and benefit sharing. There are a variety of positions in this debate. Some see requirements in respect of access to genetic resources and benefit sharing as an inconvenient burden for science and commerce. Others defend access to genetic resources and benefit sharing as meaningful and productive. Those inclined to somewhat more conspiratorial views suggest that access to genetic resources and benefit sharing are a ruse to facilitate biopiracy.\ud
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This chapter has a number of components. Section I focuses upon the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) network – often raised as a model for Climate Innovation Centres. Section II considers the Svalbard Global Seed Vault – the so-called Doomsday Vault. After a consideration of the World Summit on Food Security in 2009, it is concluded in this chapter that any future international agreement on climate change needs to address intellectual property, plant genetic resources and food security
Inventing life: Intellectual property and the new biology
No full textIn 2009, the National Research Council of the National Academies released a report on A New Biology for the 21st Century. The council preferred the term ‘New Biology’ to capture the convergence and integration of the various disciplines of biology. The National Research Council stressed: ‘The essence of the New Biology, as defined by the committee, is integration—re-integration of the many sub-disciplines of biology, and the integration into biology of physicists, chemists, computer scientists, engineers, and mathematicians to create a research community with the capacity to tackle a broad range of scientific and societal problems.’ They define the ‘New Biology’ as ‘integrating life science research with physical science, engineering, computational science, and mathematics’. The National Research Council reflected:\ud
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'Biology is at a point of inflection. Years of research have generated detailed information about the components of the complex systems that characterize life––genes, cells, organisms, ecosystems––and this knowledge has begun to fuse into greater understanding of how all those components work together as systems. Powerful tools are allowing biologists to probe complex systems in ever greater detail, from molecular events in individual cells to global biogeochemical cycles. Integration within biology and increasingly fruitful collaboration with physical, earth, and computational scientists, mathematicians, and engineers are making it possible to predict and control the activities of biological systems in ever greater detail.'\ud
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The National Research Council contended that the New Biology could address a number of pressing challenges. First, it stressed that the New Biology could ‘generate food plants to adapt and grow sustainably in changing environments’. Second, the New Biology could ‘understand and sustain ecosystem function and biodiversity in the face of rapid change’. Third, the New Biology could ‘expand sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels’. Moreover, it was hoped that the New Biology could lead to a better understanding of individual health: ‘The New Biology can accelerate fundamental understanding of the systems that underlie health and the development of the tools and technologies that will in turn lead to more efficient approaches to developing therapeutics and enabling individualized, predictive medicine.’\ud
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Biological research has certainly been changing direction in response to changing societal problems. Over the last decade, increasing awareness of the impacts of climate change and dwindling supplies of fossil fuels can be seen to have generated investment in fields such as biofuels, climate-ready crops and storage of agricultural genetic resources. In considering biotechnology’s role in the twenty-first century, biological future-predictor Carlson’s firm Biodesic states: ‘The problems the world faces today – ecosystem responses to global warming, geriatric care in the developed world or infectious diseases in the developing world, the efficient production of more goods using less energy and fewer raw materials – all depend on understanding and then applying biology as a technology.’\ud
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This collection considers the roles of intellectual property law in regulating emerging technologies in the biological sciences. Stephen Hilgartner comments that patent law plays a significant part in social negotiations about the shape of emerging technological systems or artefacts:\ud
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'Emerging technology – especially in such hotbeds of change as the life sciences, information technology, biomedicine, and nanotechnology – became a site of contention where competing groups pursued incompatible normative visions. Indeed, as people recognized that questions about the shape of technological systems were nothing less than questions about the future shape of societies, science and technology achieved central significance in contemporary democracies. In this context, states face ongoing difficulties trying to mediate these tensions and establish mechanisms for addressing problems of representation and participation in the sociopolitical process that shapes emerging technology.'\ud
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The introduction to the collection will provide a thumbnail, comparative overview of recent developments in intellectual property and biotechnology – as a foundation to the collection. Section I of this introduction considers recent developments in United States patent law, policy and practice with respect to biotechnology – in particular, highlighting the Myriad Genetics dispute and the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in Bilski v. Kappos. Section II considers the cross-currents in Canadian jurisprudence in intellectual property and biotechnology. Section III surveys developments in the European Union – and the interpretation of the European Biotechnology Directive. Section IV focuses upon Australia and New Zealand, and considers the policy responses to the controversy of Genetic Technologies Limited’s patents in respect of non-coding DNA and genomic mapping. Section V outlines the parts of the collection and the contents of the chapters
Cosmo, Cosmolino: Patent law and nanotechnology
No full textPatent law has a significant instrumental and symbolic role in regulating nanotechnology. A 2011 report of the United States Federal Trade Commission noted that ‘the patent system plays a critical role in promoting innovation across industries from biotechnology to nanotechnology, and by entities from large corporations to independent inventors’. This chapter considers the much contested legal, ethical and social issues involved with regulating the patenting of nanotechnology. Section I considers the efforts of patent offices to classify nanotechnology and the empirical evidence about patent filing rates. Section II examines whether there is a ‘tragedy of the anticommons’ emerging in respect of nanotechnology. It contemplates access mechanisms – such as the defence of experimental use, patent pools, open innovation models and technology transfer. Section III explores ethical and social concerns associated with nanotechnology – in particular, issues about the impact upon human health and the environment
The future of printcrime: Intellectual property, innovation law, and 3D printing
No full textIn a 2006 short story, ‘Printcrime’, Cory Doctorow imagined a dystopian future of contraband 3D printers. In the work, police try to shut down a bootleg operation, which engaged in the 3D printing of intellectual property. In his 2009 novel Makers, Cory Doctorow explored the rise of the maker community, and its do-it-yourself ethic. In an interview about the novel, the author reflected:\ud
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<i>"There has never been a better time to be a maker because finding the people who know how to fix the thing that's broken has never been easier. Finding someone else who has done 80% of what you want to do, and sharing the things you have done with other people, has never been easier. A maker is someone who is of and in the 21st century." </i>\ud
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Rather prophetically, he discussed the prospect of intellectual property conflicts around 3D printing (particularly around copyright infringement and trademark infringement), and future controversies over 3D printing guns. In his 2015 short story, ‘The Man Who Sold the Moon’, Cory Doctorow imagined 3D printing in space. This body of creative work has been an important inspiration for the Maker Movement – but it has also shown a critical engagement with the law, ethics, and public policy associated with 3D printing and additive manufacturing.\ud
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Inspired by such science fiction, there have since been a number of optimistic, utopian manifestos published on the topic of 3D printing and the rise of the Maker Movement. There has been high hopes that the emerging, disruptive technology will be part of a new industrial revolution. The founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum, Klaus Schwab, situates 3D printing within the framework of a fourth industrial revolution. He predicted: ‘As current size, cost and speed constraints are progressively overcome, 3D printing will become more pervasive to include integrated electronic components such as circuit boards and even human cells and organs.’ Schwab anticipated that there would be a ‘new generation of self-altering products capable of responding to environmental changes such as heat and humidity.’ Moreover, he expected that ‘this technology could be used in clothing or footwear, as well as in health-related products such as implants designed to adapt to the human body.’ Schwab placed 3D printing alongside autonomous vehicles, advanced robotics, and new material as physical manifestations of larger technological megatrends.\ud
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In this context, this collection provides a sober, critical evaluation of the legal, ethical, and public policy issues in respect of intellectual property, innovation law, and 3D printing. Building upon Mark Lemley’s chapter, ‘IP in a World Without Scarcity,’ it considers the legal opportunities and challenges of the Maker Revolution. It provides both theoretical and empirical insights in respect of 3D printing, intellectual property, innovation, and regulation
Ryhiner-Kartensammlung / 9 Marchionatvs Moraviæ
No full textauct. I. ComenioTitelkartusche unten rechts, Legendenkartusche oben links, Massstabskartusche unten linksNumerierung oben rechts: "XXXII"Ursprungswerk: "The English Atlas" hrsg. von M. Pitt, S. Swart und J. Janssonius van Waesbergen (Oxford, 1680-1683
Indigenous Intellectual Property: A Handbook of Contemporary Research
No full textTaking an interdisciplinary approach unmatched by any other book on this topic, this thoughtful Handbook considers the international struggle to provide for proper and just protection of Indigenous intellectual property (IP).\ud
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In light of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2007, expert contributors assess the legal and policy controversies over Indigenous knowledge in the fields of international law, copyright law, trademark law, patent law, trade secrets law, and cultural heritage. The overarching discussion examines national developments in Indigenous IP in the United States, Canada, South Africa, the European Union, Australia, New Zealand, and Indonesia. The Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the historical origins of conflict over Indigenous knowledge, and examines new challenges to Indigenous IP from emerging developments in information technology, biotechnology, and climate change.\ud
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Practitioners and scholars in the field of IP will learn a great deal from this Handbook about the issues and challenges that surround just protection of a variety of forms of IP for Indigenous communities.\ud
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<b>Preface</b> The Legacy of David Unaipon--<i>Matthew Rimmer</i>\ud
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<b>Introduction</b>: Mapping Indigenous Intellectual Property--<i>Matthew Rimmer</i>\ud
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<b>PART I INTERNATIONAL LAW</b>\ud
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<i>1.</i> The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: A Human Rights Framework for Indigenous Intellectual Property--<i>Mauro Barelli</i>\ud
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<i>2.</i> The WTO, The TRIPS Agreement and Traditional Knowledge--<i>Tania Voon</i>\ud
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<i>3.</i> The World Intellectual Property Organization and Traditional Knowledge--<i>Sara Bannerman</i>\ud
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<i>4.</i> The World Indigenous Network: Rio+20, Intellectual Property, Indigenous Knowledge, and Sustainable Development--<i>Matthew Rimmer</i>\ud
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<b>PART II COPYRIGHT LAW AND RELATED RIGHTS</b>\ud
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<i>5.</i> Government Man, Government Painting? David Malangi and the 1966 One-Dollar Note--<i>Stephen Gray</i>\ud
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<i>6.</i> What Wandjuk Wanted--<i>Martin Hardie</i>\ud
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<i>7.</i> Avatar Dreaming: Indigenous Cultural Protocols and Making Films Using Indigenous Content--<i>Terri Janke</i>\ud
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<i>8.</i> The Australian Resale Royalty for Visual Artists: Indigenous Art and Social Justice--<i>Robert Dearn and Matthew Rimmer</i>\ud
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<b>PART III TRADE MARK LAW AND RELATED RIGHTS</b>\ud
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<i>9.</i> Indigenous Cultural Expression and Registered Designs--<i>Maree Sainsbury</i>\ud
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<i>10.</i> The Indian Arts and Crafts Act: The Limits of Trademark Analogies--<i>Rebecca Tushnet</i>\ud
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<i>11.</i> Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions within the New Zealand Intellectual Property Framework: A Case Study of the Ka Mate Haka--<i>Sarah Rosanowski</i>\ud
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<i>12.</i> Geographical Indications and Indigenous Intellectual Property--<i>William van Caenegem</i>\ud
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<b>PART IV PATENT LAW AND RELATED RIGHTS</b>\ud
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<i>13.</i> Pressuring ‘Suspect Orthodoxy’: Traditional Knowledge and the Patent System--<i>Chidi Oguamanam</i>\ud
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<i>14.</i> The Nagoya Protocol: Unfinished Business Remains Unfinished--<i>Achmad Gusman Siswandi</i>\ud
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<i>15.</i> Legislating on Biopiracy in Europe: Too Little, too Late?--<i>Angela Daly</i>\ud
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<i>16.</i> Intellectual Property, Indigenous Knowledge, and Climate Change--<i>Matthew Rimmer</i>\ud
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<b>PART V PRIVACY LAW AND IDENTITY RIGHTS</b>\ud
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<i>17.</i> Confidential Information and Anthropology: Indigenous Knowledge and the Digital Economy--<i>Sarah Holcombe</i>\ud
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<i>18.</i> Indigenous Cultural Heritage in Australia: The Control of Living Heritages--<i>Judith Bannister</i>\ud
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<i>19.</i> Dignity, Trust and Identity: Private Spheres and Indigenous Intellectual Property--<i>Bruce Baer Arnold</i>\ud
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<i>20.</i> Racial Discrimination Laws as a Means of Protecting Collective Reputation and Identity--<i>David Rolph</i>\ud
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<b>PART VI INDIGENOUS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES</b>\ud
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<i>21.</i> Diluted Control: A Critical Analysis of the WAI262 Report on Maori Traditional Knowledge and Culture--<i>Fleur Adcock</i>\ud
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<i>22.</i> Traditional Knowledge Governance Challenges in Canada--<i>Jeremy de Beer and Daniel Dylan</i>\ud
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<i>23.</i> Intellectual Property protection of Traditional Knowledge and Access to Knowledge in South Africa--<i>Caroline Ncube</i>\ud
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<i>24.</i> Traditional Knowledge Sovereignty: The Fundamental Role of Customary Law in Protection of Traditional Knowledge--<i>Brendan Tobin</i>\ud
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<b>Index</b
Computations on Simple Games using RelView
No full textSimple games are a powerful tool to analyze decision-making and coalition formation in social and political life. In this paper we present relational models of simple games and develop relational algorithms for solving some game-theoretic basic problems. The algorithms immediately can be transformed into the language of the Computer Algebra system RelView and, therefore, the system can be used to solve the problems and to visualize the results of the computations.relational algebra ; RelView ; simple games
Applying relational algebra and RelView to measures in a social network
No full textWe present an application of relation algebra to measure agents' 'strength' in a social network with influence between agents. In particular, we deal with power, success, and influence of an agent as measured by the generalized Hoede-Bakker index and its modifications, and by the influence indices. We also apply relation algebra to determine followers of a coalition and the kernel of an influence function. This leads to specifications, which can be executed with the help of the BDD-based tool RelView after a simple translation into the tool's programming language. As an example we consider the present Dutch parliament.RelView; relation algebra; social network; Hoede-Bakker index; influence index
Seminari d'Open Science: sharing is caring
No full textLa conferència tracta sobre la rellevància del moviment Open Science, que defensa una major accessibilitat, col·laboració i transparència en la recerca. La finalitat de la sessió és que l'estudiantat conegui aquest moviment i les seves implicacions
Conferència del Dr. Marcel Swart ha estat centrada en presentar a l’estudiantat les implicacions de publicar en format obert i els components que engloba aquesta manera de fer recerca. Concretament, el ponent ha presentat les modalitats de llicències de tipus creative commons, els avantatges de publicar en modalitat ciència oberta i l’evolució d’aquest moviment.
En addició, ha exposat les tipologies de revistes acadèmiques que existeixen i els directoris disponibles per entendre els criteris de cada revista. Més endavant, el ponent ha mostrat, a través d’estudis i publicacions, quin impacte tenen les diferents modalitats de revista pel que fa a volum de consultes i citacions.
Pel que fa al Model de gestió de dades de recerca, Swart ha explicat per què és important comptar amb una planificació d’aquest tipus d’informació i com les diverses recerques se’n poden beneficiar.
La part final de la sessió ha servit per plantejar eines i tècniques de comunicació per incrementar l’eficàcia de les presentacions orals.
A grans trets, la sessió ha permès explicar el plantejament d’Open Science i proporcionar recursos per presentar investigacions amb garanties de qualitat7950.mp4
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Trattinnickia glaziovii Swart
No full text[220] Trattinnickia glaziovii Swart Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 39: 208 (Swart 1942), “ Glazovi i”. Trattinnickia schwackeana Glaz., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52 (Mém. 3a): 92 (Glaziou 1905), nom. nud. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 4 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: B. Riéra 1092. INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 1 tree, dbh = 13.4 cm.Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 407, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/745877
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