1,721,059 research outputs found
Evaluating glucose-based carbohydrates for use in canine diets
Full text linkExtruded diets remain the most common diet format fed to dogs. Even though dogs are classified as Carnivora, carbohydrates make up 20-50% of most extruded diets. The majority of carbohydrates are in the form of starch, providing a readily available energy source. Other carbohydrate forms include dietary fiber, oligosaccharides, and resistant starches (RS) that may elicit a multitude of health benefits. Previous research has focused on the composition of traditional carbohydrate-based ingredients, but little has been done as regards the composition of various whole ingredient, fractionated ingredient, or single-source carbohydrate sources.
The overall objective of this research was to evaluate glucose-based carbohydrate sources for use in canine diets, including ingredient chemical compositional analyses, effects on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, and effects on fecal characteristics, microbiota composition, and fermentative end-products. Our first aim was to determine the chemical composition of carbohydrate sources commonly incorporated into pet foods. We evaluated various whole grains, processed grains, grain fractions, and pseudocereal grains. Our second aim was to evaluate the effects of graded concentrations of polydextrose on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, fecal fermentative end-products, and fecal microbial populations in healthy adult dogs. Polydextrose was fed at 0, 0.5, 1, or 1.5% of the diet DM. Our third aim was to determine the effects of RS, naturally from whole grains, on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, and fecal fermentative end-products in healthy adult dogs fed a baked whole grain-containing biscuit treat. Dogs received either 0, 10, or 20 g biscuits/d (estimated to be 0, 2.5, or 5 g RS/d) that were fed within their daily caloric allowance. Our fourth aim was to determine the effects of graded concentrations of a corn-based RS source on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal fermentative end-products, and fecal microbial populations in healthy adult dogs. Dogs were fed 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4% of diet DM of Hi-maize 260®, a corn-based ingredient that consists of 60% RS and 40% digestible starch.
In our first aim, we determined that whole grains and grain fractions contain many essential nutrients including amino acids and minerals, and may provide a significant source of fiber. Because the chemical composition of grains varied greatly depending on their respective fractions (i.e., barley flake vs. malted barley vs. steamed rolled barley) and among grain type (i.e., barley flake vs. brown rice vs. canary grass seed), pet food professionals must consider both factors when formulating diets. In our second aim, we determined that polydextrose appeared to be moderately fermentable, which was evident by the increased (P<0.05) fecal SCFA concentrations, primarily acetate and propionate, and by the decrease (P<0.05) in fecal pH, without affecting food intake or fecal output. The inclusion of polydextrose also decreased (P<0.05) some protein catabolites, in particular fecal indole concentrations. Fecal C. perfringens concentrations were decreased (P<0.05) by including polydextrose in the diet, but other bacteria were unaffected. In our third aim, we determined that fat digestibility decreased (P<0.05) with whole grain treat consumption (i.e., increased RS consumption), but apparent total tract dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibilities were not affected. Fecal fermentative end-products, including short- and branched-chain fatty acids, ammonia, phenols, and indoles, and microbial populations were not affected. In our fourth and final aim, we determined that dietary RS linearly decreased (P<0.05) apparent total tract dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, fat, and gross energy digestibilities, and fecal pH was linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal output was linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal scores and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations, including ammonia, short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, phenols, and indoles were not affected by RS consumption. Predominant bacterial phyla present in all dogs included Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Tenericutes. Although few bacterial taxa were altered by RS consumption, fecal Faecalibacterium were increased (P < 0.05) with increased RS consumption.
This research provided a compositional database of whole ingredient, fractionated ingredient, and single-source carbohydrate sources, which may potentially impact future pet food formulations. This research provided knowledge about the use of non-digestible, glucose-based carbohydrate sources, including polydextrose, whole grain-containing RS and dietary fiber, and corn-based RS, for use in canine diets. Based on the current results, the most prominent beneficial effects were observed in healthy dogs when fed 1.5% polydextrose. However, more research is needed to determine an optimal dose of whole grains, grain fractions, or single-source RS that may elicit a beneficial response when fed to dogs.Item withdrawn by Laura Spradlin ([email protected]) on 2014-04-21T21:50:10Z
Item was in collections:
University of Illinois Theses & Dissertations (ID: 1)
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Effects of weight loss while feeding a moderate-protein, high-fiber diet on body composition, voluntary physical activity, and blood metabolite profiles in overweight cats
Full text linkObesity is a major nutritional disorder in cats and is associated with several comorbidities and reduced life span. The primary objectives of this study were to determine the effects of feeding a moderate-protein, high-fiber diet on BW loss, voluntary physical activity levels, body composition, and blood metabolite profiles in overweight cats. During a 4-wk baseline period, 8 adult neutered male domestic shorthair cats (mean BW = 7.7±0.4 kg, mean BCS = 7.6/9) were fed to maintain BW. For 18 wk following baseline, food intake was adjusted to allow cats to lose weight at a rate of ~1.5% BW/wk. Cats were group-housed for 20 h/d and individually housed for two, 2-h periods each day for feedings. Daily food intake, twice-weekly BW, and weekly BCS were recorded throughout the study. Voluntary physical activity was measured over a 7-d period at wk 0, 6, 12, and 18 using Actical® activity monitors. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans were taken at wk 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 to estimate body composition. Overnight fasted blood samples were collected at wk 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16. The University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all procedures. As expected, mean BW (7.7±0.4 vs. 6.2±0.4 kg) and mean BCS (7.6 vs. 6.0) decreased (P < 0.05) from wk 0 to wk 18. The NRC (2006) maintenance energy requirement (MER) for overweight cats is 130(BWkg0.40). In comparison, the mean MER during baseline in our study was 113(BWkg0.40). Throughout wk 1-4, 5-8, and 9-18, the energy levels to sustain weight loss were 76, 64, and 57% of baseline MER, respectively, demonstrating how restrictive feeding must be for consistent weight loss. Mean fat mass was decreased (P < 0.001) at wk 8, 12, and 16 (2417 , 2097 , and 1810 g, respectively) versus wk 0 (2924 g); therefore, body fat percentage also was decreased (P < 0.05) at wk 8, 12, and 16 (36.8, 34.0, 30.7%, respectively) versus wk 0 (40.9%). Mean lean body mass was lower (P < 0.01) at wk 12 and 16 (3671 and 3664 g, respectively) versus wk 0 (3865 g). Importantly, lean body mass percentage was increased (P < 0.05) at wk 8, 12, and 16 (61.5, 64.4, and 67.6%) versus wk 0 (57.6%). Mean daily activity tended to be higher (P = 0.061) at wk 12 vs. wk 0. The mean light:dark ratio of activity was increased ( P <0.05) at wk 18 vs wk 0, 6, and 12. Except for elevated mean creatinine (P < 0.05) during weight loss, all blood metabolites remained within reference ranges. Mean triglyceride concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) throughout the weight loss phase. Using non-targeted gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry, a total of 535 named biochemicals were identified, with up to 269 metabolites altered (P- and q- values < 0.05) at any time point. Principal component analysis showed a continual shift in metabolite profile as weight loss progressed. Components 1 and 2 explained 14.3% and 10.3% of the variability, respectively. There was a significant and dramatic reduction of bile acids (cholate; taurocholate; deoxycholate) with weight loss. A reduction in numerous non-esterfied fatty acids (NEFA) and an increase in ketones (acetoacetate; 3-hydroxybutryate) and monoglycerides suggested a shift toward lipolysis and hepatic NEFA oxidation. Decreased markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were indicated by reduced pro-inflammatory oxylipids, eicosanoids, and oxidized biomarkers following weight loss. Mevalonate was decreased (P < 0.05) after wk 8 compared to baseline, which agrees with the reduced bile acids without altering cholesterol concentration. In conclusion, restricted feeding of a moderate-protein, high-fiber diet is a safe and effective means for weight loss in cats, leading to increased physical activity and reduced blood triglycerides. Global metabolomics identified biomarkers of reduced food intake, weight loss, and/or altered metabolism. Based on our data, the current NRC (2006) MER estimates for cats appear to be too high and should be reconsidered.Submission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'Closed Access', the embargo will last until 2017-08-01The student, Marissa Pallotto, accepted the attached license on 2015-06-16 at 12:12.The student, Marissa Pallotto, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2015-06-16 at 12:25.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2015-06-16 at 15:32.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #8283 on 2015-09-29 at 15:05:15Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-29T21:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3
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Previous issue date: 2015-06-16Embargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 89529
Lift date: 2017-09-29T21:03:28Z
Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemEmbargo set by: Seth Robbins for item 89529
Lift date: 2017-09-29T21:08:35Z
Reason: Author requested closed access (OA after 2yrs) in Vireo ETD systemLimited Restriction Lifted for Item 89529 on 2017-09-30T09:15:32Z
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