1,721,168 research outputs found
FIGURE 1. A in Isozoanthus antumbrosus, a new species of zoanthid (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Zoanthidea) symbiotic with Hydrozoa from the Caribbean, with a key to hydroid and sponge-symbiotic zoanthid species
No full textFIGURE 1. A. Line drawing showing Isozoanthus antumbrosus colonized Dentitheca dendritica. Scale bar is solid for colony and checkered for polyp detail inset. Drawing by J. Putnam H. of Florida State University. B. In situ macrophotograph of Isozoanthus antumbrosus with Dentitheca dendritica zooids visible in background.Published as part of Swain, Timothy D., 2009, Isozoanthus antumbrosus, a new species of zoanthid (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Zoanthidea) symbiotic with Hydrozoa from the Caribbean, with a key to hydroid and sponge-symbiotic zoanthid species, pp. 41-48 in Zootaxa 2051 on page 43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18659
Figure 1 in Phylogeny-based species delimitations and the evolution of host associations in symbiotic zoanthids (Anthozoa, Zoanthidea) of the wider Caribbean region
No full textFigure 1. Phylogeny of Caribbean symbiotic zoanthids based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA nuclear gene. Support values are 100 pseudoreplicate maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap values followed by three million iteration Bayesian posterior probabilities. The clades of symbiotic species are colour coded according to their host associations. The information presented in parentheses after the specimens collected for this study includes: the colour of the zoanthid, presence of Symbiodinium, host taxa, and individual identifier (which includes the collection location).Published as part of Swain, Timothy D., 2009, Phylogeny-based species delimitations and the evolution of host associations in symbiotic zoanthids (Anthozoa, Zoanthidea) of the wider Caribbean region, pp. 223-238 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (2) on page 229, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00513.x, http://zenodo.org/record/544366
Brachycnemina
No full textSuborder Brachycnemina Haddon & Shackleton, 1891 <p>Zoanthidea with imperfect fifth mesenteries (Haddon & Shackleton 1891). The defining character (imperfect fifth mesenteries) is synapomorphic and the suborder Brachycnemina is monophyletic (Swain 2010).</p>Published as part of <i>Swain, Timothy D. & Swain, Laura M., 2014, Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy, pp. 81-107 in Zootaxa 3796 (1)</i> on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/251140">http://zenodo.org/record/251140</a>
FIGURE 8 in Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy
No full textFIGURE 8. Number, position, and type of marginal muscle attachment sites as they appear within serial longitudinal sections of Microzoanthus kagerou. Each bar represents a 10 Μm longitudinal section with the number and type of muscle attachment points; open bars indicate mesogleal lacunae, black bars indicate mesogleal pleats. Empty positions indicate missing data due to sectioning artifact. Arrows at transitions from endodermal (dominated by pleats) to mesogleal (dominated by lacunae) and the reverse. Inlay diagram demonstrates plane of microtome blade (dotted lines) against the diameter of the polyp (outer ring) and marginal muscle (broken ring).Published as part of Swain, Timothy D. & Swain, Laura M., 2014, Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy, pp. 81-107 in Zootaxa 3796 (1) on page 101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/25114
Hydrozoanthidae Sinniger, Reimer 2010
No full textFamily Hydrozoanthidae Sinniger, Reimer, & Pawlowski, 2010 <p> Zoanthidea with macrocnemic mesenterial arrangement and simple endodermal or transitional marginal musculature. Species associated with Hydrozoa or are free-living. Hydrozoanthidae share specific genetic characters (insertions and deletions in the V5 region of mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene, as defined in Sinniger <i>et al.</i> 2005) and are monophyletic with suborder Brachycnemina. Expanded polyps to 12 mm diameter and 20 mm length, encrusted, and connected by coenenchyme. Tentacles and mesenteries 30–42 (diagnosis expanded from Sinniger <i>et al.</i> 2010).</p>Published as part of <i>Swain, Timothy D. & Swain, Laura M., 2014, Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy, pp. 81-107 in Zootaxa 3796 (1)</i> on page 93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/251140">http://zenodo.org/record/251140</a>
Zoanthus Lamarck 1801
No full textGenus Zoanthus Lamarck, 1801 Type species. Zoanthus sociatus (Ellis, 1767), by monotypy (Lamarck 1801). Diagnosis. Colonial Zoanthidae free-living and lacking a scleroprotein skeleton. Known from tropical habitats around the world at 0– 40 m. Zooxanthellate. Polyps with highly variable coloration of the oral disk. Marginal musculature mesogleal and divided into distinct distal and proximal sections, 1000–5000 Μm in length, composed of 50–250 attachment points. Superficial encrustations may be present; canal system throughout the mesoglea does not form encircling sinus (diagnosis of Duerden 1898, expanded using data presented here and Swain 2010). Remarks. Species of Zoanthus have highly variable oral disk coloration, size of polyps, and numbers of tentacles and mesenteries, which make species identification and circumscription challenging. Earlier authors recognized the utility of the apparently species-specific morphology of the marginal musculature of Zoanthus and usually included meticulous representations of its form in species descriptions (e.g., Duerden 1898), sometimes with no other drawings or images. That the form of the marginal musculature is a diagnostic character for Zoanthus species circumscription should be evaluated using modern molecular phylogenetics; in addition to assessing whether it is reflective of molecular evolution, this would provide broadly applicable morphological characters for new evolutionary hypotheses.Published as part of Swain, Timothy D. & Swain, Laura M., 2014, Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy, pp. 81-107 in Zootaxa 3796 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/25114
Microzoanthidae Fujii & Reimer 2011
No full textFamily Microzoanthidae Fujii & Reimer, 2011 <p>Zoanthidea with macrocnemic mesenterial arrangement and simple endodermal marginal musculature. Species are free-living and are found attached cryptically under rubble or interstices throughout temperate and tropical Pacific. Azooxanthellate. Microzoanthidae share specific genetic characters (of the mitochondrial COI and 16S rDNA genes) and are differentiated from other Zoanthidea by encrustations that penetrate to the ectodermal surface of the mesoglea, but not into the mesoglea itself. Expanded polyps to 3 mm diameter and 10 mm length, encrusted, and connected by coenenchyme stolons. Oral disk calathiform and margin ornamented with distinct zig-zag pattern. Tentacles 20–26, 6– 9 mm long (diagnosis expanded from Fujii & Reimer 2011).</p>Published as part of <i>Swain, Timothy D. & Swain, Laura M., 2014, Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy, pp. 81-107 in Zootaxa 3796 (1)</i> on page 99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/251140">http://zenodo.org/record/251140</a>
Microzoanthus Fujii & Reimer 2011
No full textGenus <i>Microzoanthus</i> Fujii & Reimer, 2011 <p> Type species. <i>Microzoanthus occultus</i> Fujii & Reimer, 2011, by original designation.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Identical to Microzoanthidae (diagnosis of Fujii & Reimer 2011). Colonial Microzoanthidae free-living and lacking a scleroprotein skeleton. Known from temperate and tropical cryptic habitats in the Pacific Ocean at 0– 23 m. Azooxanthellate. Polyps transparent or faintly red, expand to 3 mm wide and 10 mm long. Capitular ridges largely imperceptible because of heavy encrustations. Oral disk calathiform and edged in a distinct zig-zag pattern (diagnosis expanded using data from Fujii & Reimer 2011). Marginal musculature endodermal, 268–331 Μm in length, composed of 10–16 attachment points. Encrustations of column through ectoderm but not penetrating ectodermal surface of the mesoglea; elliptical lacunae just beneath ectodermal surface of mesoglea form an encircling sinus (diagnosis expanded using data presented here).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> The phylogenetic position of <i>Microzoanthus</i>, as inferred by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) and 16s ribosomal (mt 16S rDNA) genes (see Fujii & Reimer 2011; Figs 7 & S1), is near the base of the Zoanthidea and as the sister clade to <i>Isozoanthus</i> (in the COI tree) or all Zoanthidea except <i>Isozoanthus</i> (in the 16S tree). Although these phylogenies are incongruent (with each other and other published hypotheses, <i>e.g.</i>, Sinniger <i>et al.</i> 2005, Swain 2010) and poorly supported (both problems may be resolved by multigene analysis applied to comprehensive taxon sampling), they suggest that <i>Microzoanthus</i> may occupy a critical position near the origin of Zoanthidea and could provide insight into the evolution of <i>Isozoanthus</i> and clarify relationships between the genera of Zoanthidea.</p>Published as part of <i>Swain, Timothy D. & Swain, Laura M., 2014, Molecular parataxonomy as taxon description: examples from recently named Zoanthidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) with revision based on serial histology of microanatomy, pp. 81-107 in Zootaxa 3796 (1)</i> on page 99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3796.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/251140">http://zenodo.org/record/251140</a>
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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