1,720,954 research outputs found
Intramolecular radical additions to pyridines, quinolines and isoquinolines
No full textThis thesis is concerned with the development of intramolecular radical additions onto nitrogen containing heteroaromatics. Notably, 6-exolendo-tng radical cyclisations to C-2, C-3 and C-4 of pyridines and quinolines and C-3 and C-4 of isoquinolines have all been shown to be facile processes at neutral pi7. Cyclisations follow a chain pathway in which aromaticity in the heteroaromatic is re-established through loss of a hydrogen atom. S-exolendo Txig radical cyclisations to quinolines fail and appear to be more akin to 5-endo-tng processes than 5-exo-tng processes. Reactions that employ aryl iodides as radical precursors generally proceed more efficiently than related cyclisations employing aryl bromides.It has been shown that the nature of the tether used to conjoin the radical precursor to the heteroaromatic can have a significant baring on the outcome of a reaction. When a fully saturated two carbon tether is used to conjoin an aryl radial to a pyridine an unprecedented rearrangement by zpi'o-radical cyclisation (5-exo-trig) - alkyl migration - aromatisation sequence competes with the 6-exo/endo-tvig cyclisation pathway. When an E alkene is used to tether the radical precursor to a pyridine, or if the heteroaromatic is a quinoline or isoquinoline, only the 6-exolendo-tng pathway is followed. Using the methodology developed, approaches to the alkaloid avicine are discussed. A comparison of various techniques commonly employed to generate aryl radicals from aryl iodides is also reported. A literature review concerning radical additions to nitrogen containing heteroaromatics is presented
Intramolecular radical additions to pyridines
No full textIntramolecular 6-exo/endo-trig and 5-exo-trig cyclisations of aryl radical intermediates to the alpha-, beta- and gamma-carbons of pyridine have been shown to be facile processes at neutral pH. The tether conjoining the radical donor to the pyridine plays an important role in determining the outcome of the reaction. When a Z-alkene is used as a tether, ortho-cyclisation proceeds in good yield. A more complex course is followed when a saturated two carbon tether is employed, leading to products derived from hydrogen atom abstraction, ipso-cyclisation and ortho-cyclisation pathways. All attempts to effect 5-exo/endo-trig cyclisations failed. Tributyltin hydride, tris(trimethylsilyl) silane, tris(trimethylsilyl) germane and, in part, samarium(II) iodide can each be employed as mediators of the reaction
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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