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Gênero, o público e o privado Gender, the Public and the Private
Full text linkNeste artigo, a filósofa política Susan Moller Okin discute as configurações históricas da dicotomia público/privado, analisando seus significados a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero. A ausência de reflexão sobre o gênero - especialmente sob duas formas, a negligência à realidade política das relações familiares e a linguagem 'neutra' - tem levado muitos teóricos, do passado e do presente, a reafirmar essa dicotomia sem levar em conta sua natureza patriarcal. Para Okin, os domínios da vida doméstica (pessoal) e da vida não-doméstica (pública) não podem ser interpretados isoladamente, o que demanda uma revisão profunda dos fundamentos de grande parte da teoria política liberal. A autora enfrenta essa tarefa, abordando problemas importantes, como o valor da privacidade.In this article, the political philosopher Susan Moller Okin discusses the dichotomy public-private from a gendered perspective. Overlooking gender - especially as it assumes the form of overlooking the political reality of the family and gender 'neutral' language - has become, in many past and present authors, a reinforcement of that dichotomy, silencing about its patriarchal nature. As Okin understands it, domestic (personal) sphere and non-domestic (public) sphere can not be interpreted isolatedly, what demands a deep revision of the base of most liberal political theory. The author faces this demand, discussing important problems such as the value of privacy
An Asian Woman's Reply to Susan Moller Okin's `Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?
Full text linksolicited by Joan Copjec; use Balibar to respond to Susan Moller Okin in my analysis of the tensions between feminism and multiculturalism
Gender, the Public and the Private
No full textIn this article, the political philosopher Susan Moller Okin discusses the dichotomy
public-private from a gendered perspective. Overlooking gender – especially as it assumes the
form of overlooking the political reality of the family and gender ‘neutral’ language – has become,
in many past and present authors, a reinforcement of that dichotomy, silencing about its patriarchal
nature. As Okin understands it, domestic (personal) sphere and non-domestic (public) sphere can
not be interpreted isolatedly, what demands a deep revision of the base of most liberal political
theory. The author faces this demand, discussing important problems such as the value of privac
¿Es el multiculturalismo malo para las mujeres?: Respondiendo a la famosa pregunta de Susan Moller Okin a partir de un caso argentino
Full text linkEl objetivo de este ensayo es responder a la famosa pregunta que se hiciera Susan Moller Okin en uno de sus últimos trabajos en la Universidad de Princeton: ¿Es el multiculturalismo malo para las mujeres?. El marco teórico que utilizaremos para repensar esta pregunta y los desafíos que el multiculturalismo supone para el derecho en América Latina es el feminismo radical norteamericano de Catherine Mackinnon, ya que, como explicamos en este trabajo, pensamos que este debate (multiculturalismo, feminismo y derecho penal) solo puede darse desde un feminismo esencialista de género, como el feminismo radical y no desde un feminismo no esencialista. Tomaremos un caso concreto (el caso Ruiz, en Salta, provincia pobre del norte argentino) para poner a la vista los vicios de lo que se ha dado en llamar -tal vez equivocadamente- la "defensa cultural". Finalmente, sostendremos que la única manera de repensar críticamente el multiculturalismo es repensando el derecho en el cual todo el edificio teórico del multiculturalismo se sostiene: el derecho de salida. Este derecho será redefinido críticamente como una forma del derecho a la palabra. Sostendremos que un multiculturalismo que no defiende (sino que pone en peligro) los derechos humanos de la mujer.(por ejemplo, su derecho -y su libertad- de expresarse), ha dejado de ser en realidad lo que promete. Los derechos humanos de la mujer no pueden ser pensados ni vistos como un "límite" para el multiculturalismo, ya quesin esos derechos básicos no hay (y en consecuencia no debe hablarse de) multiculturalismo a secas.El objetivo de este ensayo es responder a la famosa pregunta que se hiciera Susan Moller Okin en uno de sus últimos trabajos en la Universidad de Princeton: ¿Es el multiculturalismo malo para las mujeres?. El marco teórico que utilizaremos para repensar esta pregunta y los desafíos que el multiculturalismo supone para el derecho en América Latina es el feminismo radical norteamericano de Catherine Mackinnon, ya que, como explicamos en este trabajo, pensamos que este debate (multiculturalismo, feminismo y derecho penal) solo puede darse desde un feminismo esencialista de género, como el feminismo radical y no desde un feminismo no esencialista. Tomaremos un caso concreto (el caso Ruiz, en Salta, provincia pobre del norte argentino) para poner a la vista los vicios de lo que se ha dado en llamar –tal vez equivocadamente- la “defensa cultural”. Finalmente, sostendremos que la única manera de repensar críticamente el multiculturalismo es repensando el derecho en el cual todo el edificio teórico del multiculturalismo se sostiene: el derecho de salida. Este derecho será redefinido críticamente como una forma del derecho a la palabra. Sostendremos que un multiculturalismo que no defiende (sino que pone en peligro) los derechos humanos de la mujer (por ejemplo, su derecho –y su libertad– de expresarse), ha dejado de ser en realidad lo que promete. Los derechos humanos de la mujer no pueden ser pensados ni vistos como un “límite” para el multiculturalismo, ya que sin esos derechos básicos no hay (y en consecuencia no debe hablarse de) multiculturalismo a secas.Fil: Croxatto, Guido Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentin
Hvað felst í réttlætiskenningu Johns Rawls og hver er kjarni femínískrar gagnrýni Susan Moller Okin á kenninguna
No full textHér verður fjallað um réttlætiskenningu bandaríska stjórnspekingsins Johns Rawls sem hann setti fram árið 1971. Eins verður gagnrýni heimspekingsins og femínistans, Susan Moller Okin, á kenninguna rakin. Með bók sinni Kenning um réttlæti1 skipaði Rawls sér sess meðal fremstu stjórnspekinga 20. aldar. Kenning hans veldur enn í dag heilabrotum og umræðum og mun að líkindum gera það enn um sinn. Susan Moller Okin taldi að Rawls hefði litið fram hjá konum og stöðu þeirra í samfélaginu við gerð kenningar sinnar, rétt eins og svo margir frjálslyndir fræðimenn í gegnum tíðina. Auk þess hefði hann byggt kenningu sína á því að einstaklingar öðluðust réttlætiskennd innan veggja heimilisins án þess að gefa því gaum að á þeim vettvangi fyrirfyndist mikið óréttlæti. Gagnrýni sína rakti hún í bókinni Réttlæti, kyn og fjölskyldan2 og í þessari ritgerð verður greint frá helstu röksemdum hennar. Að síðustu verður fjallað um viðbrögð Rawls við gagnrýninni, sem birtist meðal annars í bók hans Réttlæti sem sanngirni.3 Gagnrýni Okin reyndist mikilvæg enda varð hún, ásamt gagnrýni fleiri fræðimanna, til þess að Rawls endurbætti kenninguna og svaraði gagnrýni sem að honum hafði verið beint
Notas sobre a crítica feminista ao Multiculturalismo a partir de Susan Moller Okin
Full text linkO presente artigo é desenvolvido através de dois eixos: um deles consiste na exposição do argumento e dos casos apresentados por Susan Moller Okin contra a concessão de direitos para grupos minoritários defendida pelos multiculturalistas; o outro eixo procura fazer alguns apontamentos críticos à maneira como Okin estrutura e fundamenta sua crítica feminista ao multiculturalismo. Com relação a este segundo eixo, vamos sustentar que existe certa insuficiência justificativa no uso que Okin faz dos princípios liberais para sustentar sua posição frente ao multiculturalismo, entre outros problemas. Outro ponto, ainda que controverso, surge do eminente etnocentrismo presente no raciocínio feminista de Okin acerca do fenômeno da dominação masculina. De maneira geral, vamos problematizar o tratamento concedido por Okin ao multiculturalismo e salientar que, para além da reivindicação por direitos, o multiculturalismo também compreende uma perspectiva que busca desafiar as democracias em face da diversidade cultural.
Pemikiran Soekarno tentang Keadilan dan Kemerdekaan bagi Kaum Perempuan Ditinjau dari Perspektif Teori Keadilan Susan Moller Okin
Full text linkTesis ini bertujuan untuk meninjau pemikiran Soekarno di dalam terang pemikiran Susan Moller Okin melalui penggunaan jenis pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data studi kepustakaan. Adapun tesis ini melihat dan menguraikan tentang keadilan dan kemerdekaan bagi kaum perempuan yang dikaji dari sejarah masa lampau (masa penjajahan) bangsa Indonesia yang berada di bawah pimpinan Soekarno. Analisa ini penting karena mengingat bahwa sejarah adalah warisan bagi kehidupan generasi penerusnya sehingga perlu adanya kajian yang utuh terhadap nilai-nilai sejarah. Akhirnya saya melihat bahwa pada masa penjajahan, kaum perempuan mengalami perlakuan yang tidak adil dari berbagai pihak diantaranya pihak laki-laki (penjajah dan pribumi) yang didasari oleh berbagai aspek. Dengan menggunakan teori keadilan dari Susan Moller Okin, tulisan ini melihat bahwa pada dasarnya perjuangan untuk mencapai keadilan antara laki-laki dan perempuan harus didasari dari keadilan pada wilayah intim yaitu keluarga, unsur yang terkadang dilupakan. Berdasarkan teori yang diusulkan oleh Okin, maka dua hal yang menjadi titik fokus dari tesis ini ialah: ketika Soekarno menarik perempuan keluar dari ranah domestik untuk terlibat di dalam kancah politik di ranah publik maka semestinya perempuan tidak hanya dibiarkan untuk keluar begitu saja tanpa adanya persiapan yang lengkap untuk membantu mereka berkiprah pada ranah publik. Mereka harus dilengkapi dengan berbagai persiapan yang di dalam penulisan ini saya sebut dengan persiapan Soft skill dan Hard Skill, sehingga kehadiran kaum perempuan di ranah publik tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai simbol emansipasi. Lebih lanjut, ketika Soekarno mengupayakan pembebasan bagi kaum perempuan, maka hal utama yang harus diperhatikan ialah sisi kemanusiaan dari seorang perempuan. Melalui hasil analisa ditemukan bahwa seharusnya semua kita kembali pada peran penting keluarga untuk menanamkan nilai-nilai yang adil sehingga dapat dikontribusikan bagi ranah publik
No Justice Without Autonomy! Olympe de Gouges and Susan Moller Okin
Full text linkAccording to a common feminist critique of liberal conceptions of justice, the supposed neutrality of the autonomous individual subject results, because of gender-based assumptions, in paradox and injustice. This paper addresses this critique, asking how liberal theories of justice should be reformed accordingly (first section). The two philosophers considered are Olympe de Gouges and Susan Moller Okin, responding respectively to the French-revolutionary Republicanism and John Rawls’s theory of justice as fairness. Both Gouges and Okin criticize the contradiction between the allegedly neutral universalism of liberal theories and their actual non-inclusive character toward women (and not only), but they pursue this criticism in different ways. De Gouges, while presenting women as independent, does not have autonomy has her goal, but rather social cohesion, morality, and happiness. Faced with the ambiguities of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, she adopts herself an ambiguous position (second section). Such ambiguities are avoided by Okin (third section), whose egalitarian claim firmly relies on individual autonomy. Rather than criticizing the neutral autonomous subject as intrinsically non-inclusive, she convincingly criticizes its use as a descriptive tool, while putting it forward as a normative ideal for both social reform and conceptions of justice
Beyond the Boundaries: Exploring Diversity within Contemporary Feminist Thought
No full textAt a time of heightened awareness and public interest, post-9/11, with increased concerns surrounding the ‘other’ and pronouncements of the ‘death of multiculturalism,’ this thesis stresses the renewed relevance of cross-cultural feminist discussions. I examine a broad range of sources to show how the rhetoric of feminism is being co-opted to support the promotion of an ‘us’ and ‘them’ perspective, particularly in the media. By returning to well established feminist debates on difference, and the importance of adopting an intersectional position in order to avoid suggesting a singular experience of oppression based solely on gender, I argue for an intergenerational approach to current issues affecting feminism as we move into the fourth wave. Providing an original contribution, both by applying existing theory to highly contemporary debates, and by exploring the possibilities (and pitfalls) offered by online media to fourth wave feminism, I claim that the co-opting of a feminist position in an attempt to shore up national identity and discredit multiculturalism, has, in fact, created a resurgence of interest in feminism, but without a foundational understanding.
Taking the opportunity provided by this resurgence of interest to critically examine Western feminism through current debates surrounding FGC, ‘honour’-based violence and veiling, offers a lens through which to explore assumptions of the ‘post-feminist’ West, and emphasize the renewed importance of engaging with the ‘other’ in feminist discussions. Globalization and multiculturalism, as well as the global communities forged on the internet, increasingly offer ‘insider voices’ whilst simultaneously questioning the myth of a pure ‘other,’ or a universal feminism. By looking back on previous debates and ‘waves,’ this thesis advocates the need to think across the boundaries of generations, as well as cultures, suggesting that an intergenerational and cross-cultural approach is key to moving discussions forward with the arrival of feminism’s fourth wave
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